Jennifer Bohnhoff's Blog, page 8

Summer in the High Desert

Last week I drove into Edgewood, the town that is in the flats to the east of where I live. Edgewood and Albuquerque are equidistant from my house in the Sandia Mountains, and while Albuquerque may have a greater selection of stores, Edgewood has that small town, welcoming feel that is balm to my soul. It's also the town in which I finished my teaching career. I was spent four years teaching language arts and social studies at Edgewood Middle School, and coaching cross country and track.  This trip was so I could buy groceries for the upcoming 4th of July holiday and weekend, but it also gave me a chance to run on my old cross country course, which wandered through the high desert just west of the school. The 3.2 mile course runs through a huge stand of cholla cacti. Some of them are 6 or 7 feet high and ten feet across, so it's almost like running through a forest. The cholla were covered with brilliant pink blooms.  Lower to the ground, prickly pear cactus also sported their summer flowers. It's always struck me as strange that these flowers are a beautiful, translucent yellow, because the juice from a prickly pear is bright pink -- very similar to the color of cholla flowers. If you've never had prickly pear jelly, you're missing out! A couple of times, it seemed that the air was full of the buzzing of bees. I finally slowed down and tried to figure out where the buzzing was coming from. There were bees visiting the cholla and prickly pear blossoms, but I soon discovered that most of them were underfoot. These were ground dwelling bees!  I hadn't ever known before that there was such a thing, but apparently there are hundreds of different kinds of bees that live in New Mexico, and many of them are ground dwellers. Click here to learn more about them. I don't know whether the ones I saw are digger bees, miner bees, or cactus bees, but it was a pleasure to see them. 

The desert might look deserted, especially on a warm summer day, but it is still alive and full of beauty. 

The Beginning of World War I

July 28 marks the 100th anniversary of the beginning of World War I.

​Some historians refer to early twentieth century Europe as a militaristic powderkeg, ready to go off at the merest suggestion of a spark. European nations at that time were eager for war so that they could prove their superiority over other nations. They had growing militaries and had joined together to form opposing military alliances, pledging to support their partner nations in case of war.

The spark that set off World War I was no mere suggestion. On June 28, 1914, a young Serbian patriot shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the city of Sarajevo. One month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within a month, each side’s allies had joined the fray and World War I was underway. The United States managed to stay out of the fight until three years into the war. On April 2, 1917, when President Woodrow Wilson finally requested the Congress to declare war on Germany, he gave two reasons why America should go to war. President Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, April 2, 1917 public domain photo The first reason was that Germany had broken its earlier promise to suspend its unrestricted submarine warfare in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The Hague Convention of 1907 prohibited sinking of merchant ships without warning. Ships had to be stopped and their crews and passengers placed in a safe place before the ship was sunk. The provision of a safe place for crews and passengers did not include lifeboats unless the ship was close to shore. Neutrals could only be sunk if they had been searched, and contraband had been found. However, Germans did not adhere to the rules of the Hague Convention. On May 7, 1915, one of its U-boats sank the Lusitania. a British ship that was carrying contraband. The passengers and crew had been given no warning of the attack and no opportunity to abandon ship or evacuate. 1,195 civilians were killed., including 123 Americans. The American steamer Housatonic was sunk by U-53 on February 3, 1917. Three weeks later, two American civilians died when the British liner Laconia was sunk. The sinking of other American ships, the Lyman M Law, the Algonquin, the City of Memphis, the Illinois, the Vigilancia and the Aztec, followed. It was clear that the Germans had no interest in holding to international law.  Its attacks on Allied and neutral merchant and passenger ships were going to lead to the loss of more American lives and jeopardized American sea trade. The second reason Wilson urged Congress to declare war on Germany was that Germany was encouraging Mexico to attack the U.S. On January 19, 1917, British naval intelligence intercepted a telegram sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Ambassador in Mexico. This telegram, known as the Zimmerman telegram, was written in code. When decoded, it showed that in exchange for supporting Germany, the Mexican Government would regain territory lost during the Mexican-American War. This meant that Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona would be returned to Mexico. Coming so soon after Pancho Villa’s raid on Columbus, New Mexico, the threat of war on the border seemed very real.  Intelligence sources shared the Zimmerman telegram with President Wilson on February 24. The American press published the story a couple of days later. This, and the German’s use of unrestricted submarine warfare pushed U.S. public opinion to support entering the war.
Four days after Wilson’s appearance before Congress, the U.S. declared war on Germany and declared themselves an "Associated Power" of the Allies. Within a year, our Army grew. While there were just 300,000 soldiers stationed in the U.S., by the end of the war in November 1918 there were around 2 million American soldiers in Europe alone. The United States of America had become a global power.
Jennifer Bohnhoff is a former educator, and the writer of historical fiction for middle grade through adult readers. Her adult novel, A Blaze of Poppies, is set in the time of the Pancho Villa Raid and follows two New Mexican characters into the trenches of World War I. 

Mamie Phipps Clark: Champion for Children

When Mamie Phipps Clarks was just four years old, she was frightened to hear of the lynching of Gilbert Harris in her community of Hot Springs, Arkansas.  Mamie realized that the world was not as open and caring as her family and close community. The injustice, discrimination, and unfair treatment that her community faced needed addressing. She began to ask herself what she could do to help Black children faced with such negativity. 

Mamie Phipps Clark: Champion for Children is a graphic novel that is part autobiography, part self-help activist awareness manual. in it, Lynnette Mawhinney tells the story of an extraordinary woman who, after being the  first Black woman to graduate from Columbia University with a doctorate degree in psychology, began research on the development of self-image in Black children. Her conclusions, that racial segregations resulted in negative outcomes for Black childhood development, became pivotal in the fight to end segregation of U.S. schools. The fight wasn't easy: Clark had a hard time balancing her public and private life. Raising a family while developing a career and fighting a political system is hard work, and Mawhinney doesn't sugar coat the stress. 

Neil Evans' illustrations are clear and compelling and make this graphic novel an interesting read.

Mamie Phipps Clark, Champion for Children goes beyond just being a biography of an inspiring woman. It gives middle-grade readers a lot to think about regarding race, identity, and advocacy. Each chapter ends with a brief history lesson that helps set the scene for Clark's life, and then a section called Try This that gives readers a chance to extend the lessons of the past into today through thought-provoking activities. A timeline and glossary at the end of the book will help readers understand our nation's struggle for equality and be able to voice their concerns as they carry on Mamie’s legacy and become champions for themselves and others in their community. ​ The author of this book is the no less impressive and inspiring Lynnette Mawhinney, an award-winning writer, creator, and long time educator who taught high school English in Philadelphia before she transitioned into teacher education. A Professor of Urban Education and Senior Associate Dean for Strategic Academic initiatives at Rutgers University-Newark, she had conducted teacher trainings throughout the world, including Vietnam, South Africa, Bahrain, and Egypt. She is the author of five academic books and books for children, and is the founder and President of Gaen Knowledge, a consultancy firm that performs equity audits.  ​I am grateful that Magination Press provided me with an ARC of this hard cover graphic novel, which is the third book in the American Psychological Association's Extraordinary Women in Psychology series. If you'd like me to send you my copy, please comment below. Jennifer Bohnhoff is a former educator who now concentrates on writing historical and contemporary fiction for middle grade through adult readers. Her next book, The Famished Country, is book three in Rebels Along the Rio Grande, a trilogy of middle grade novels set in New Mexico during the Civil War, and is due out from Kinkajou Press in October 2024.

Recognizing the 80th Anniversary of D-Day

Eighty years ago, the Allied Forces began the largest amphibious military invasion in human history. On June 6, 1944, more than 130 battleships, cruisers, and destroyers bombarded the French coast while 277 minesweepers cleared the water. Behind them, about 7,000 vessels, packed with nearly 200,000 soldiers from eight Allied nations, crossed the channel, ready to storm the beaches of Normandy. Overhead, over 1,200 aircraft delivered paratroopers behind enemy lines. It was feat the size and scope of had never been seen. It still remains singularly large and impressive today.
More than 2 million Allied personnel took part in Operation Overlord, the code name for the Battle of Normandy that began with the D-Day invasion and continued on through August. During the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943, the Allies appointed U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower to command the Expeditionary Force and put British General Bernard Montgomery in charge of the 21st Army Group, which comprised all the land forces. The allies chose the Normandy coast for the landings, assigning Americans the sectors codenamed Utah and Omaha, while the British were to land at Sword and Gold, and the Canadians were to land at Juno. 
By Harrison (Sgt), No 5 Army Film & Photographic Unit - http://media.iwm.org.uk/iwm/mediaLib/... This photograph BU 1024 comes from the collections of the Imperial War Museums., Public Domain The Allies needed to develop special technology to meet the conditions expected on the Normandy beachhead. They invented artificial ports, called Mulberry harbors, to provide deep water jetties and places where the invasion force could download reinforcements and supplies before major French ports were recaptured from the Germans and their damage repaired. Two Mulberry harbors were created:  Mulberry "A" at Omaha Beach and Mulberry "B" at Gold Beach. The harbor at Omaha Beach was damaged by a violent storm before it was ever completed, and the Americans abandoned it, landing their men and material over the open beaches. However, the harbor at Gold Beach was a great success. Over 2.5 million men, 500,000 vehicles, and 4 million tons of supplies used Mulberry “B” during the 10 months it was in use. 
Another technology developed for the D-Day landings were the Hobart's Funnies,a group of specialized armoured fighting vehicles based on the British Churchill tank, and American M4 Sherman, but equipped with bulldozers, flamethrowers, demolition charges, reels of canvas that could be unrolled to form paths for other vehicles, assault bridges, ramps, and other modifications to help take the beach and destroy German fortifications. Hobart's Funnies were named for Major-General Sir Percy Cleghorn Stanley Hobart, a British Engineer. Train damaged by resistance sabateurs https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/it... All the while that Allied forces were developing their plans and technologies, Resistance groups were active throughout German-occupied France. Their contributions to the invasion of Normandy included the gathering of intelligence on German defences and the carrying out of sabotage missions to disrupt the German war effort, including the destruction of rail lines and train engines and the cutting of telegraph and telephone lines. Because there were many different Resistance organizations that operated independently and often had different goals, coordinating them with the Allied forces was difficult. Many, however, listened to the secret messages from the Free French that were broadcast over the BBC. On the first of May, and again on June 1, such messages warned that the invasion would be soon and encouraged Allied secret agents and resistance fighters to carry out their acts of sabotage as soon as possible.  ​Although the Allies failed to accomplish their objectives for the first day of the invasion, they were able to gain a tenuous foothold on the land that Germany had held since taking France. They captured the port at Cherbourg on June 26, and the city of Caen on July 21. By August 25, the Allies had liberated Paris. Five days later, the Germans retreated east across the Seine marking the close of Operation Overlord and the beginning of the end for the Nazi regime. 

Few of the veterans of D-Day are still alive, but we remember them and honor them for their bravery. 
Code: Elephants on the Moon is author Jennifer Bohnhoff's novel about Eponine Lambaol, a girl who senses that strange things are going on in her Nazi-held village in Normandy. As D-Day nears, she joins with others to resist the Germans and prepare for the Allied invasion. Written for middle school readers, adults have also found this an informative and entertaining read. 

New Mexico, the Famished Country

At the beginning of the Civil War, Henry Hopkins Sibley had a grandiose plan. Because he'd been stationed at Fernando de Taos and at Fort Union, he thought he knew the territory of New Mexico. But he didn't know it well enough, and his grandiose plan failed. He later blamed his failure not on his incompetence or lack of knowledge, but on the land itself. ​ When the Civil War broke out, Sibley was serving under the commander  of the department, Colonel William W. Loring, a career Army officer who'd lost an arm during the Mexican American War. Loring, whose home state was Florida, had already sent his own letter of resignation to Washington when Sibley, a Louisiana native, tendered his resignation to him an April 28th.

Impatient to leave because of circulating rumors  of high-ranking commissions in the Confederate Army, Sibley asked for “the authority to leave this Dept. immediately.” 

When May 31 arrived and he still had not heard anything, he took seven days’ leave of absence, bid his command goodbye, and left Fort Union on the next stage.  He accepted an appointment to colonel in the Confederate army. By June, 1861, Sibley had been promoted to brigadier general.   Sibley's promotion was prompted by his visit to Richmond, Virginia, where he persuaded Confederate President Jefferson Davis that he could sweep through New Mexico and seize Colorado and California for the Confederacy.This bold plan would not only increase the size of the Confederacy, but it would achieve the dream of Manifest Destiny, making the rebel nation stretch from sea to shining sea. Gold from Colorado and California's gold fields would enrich the Southern war chest, and the deep water port of Los Angeles would help supply the army with materiel that was not getting through the Atlantic Union blockade. The proposal sounded too good to be true, especially since Sibley claimed he could do it without encumbering the Confederacy for his supplies. Sibley claimed that he could live off the land during his trek through New Mexico. He believed there was enough water, fodder for the animals, and food for his men. He had heard enough New Mexicans complain about the army presence that he believed New Mexicans would willingly support a Confederate army. Sibley was wrong, both about the amount of supplies available and about the people's opinion of the Confederate army that he led.  ​Brig. Gen. Henry H. Sibley's supply problems began long before he entered New Mexico Territory.  Sibley began assembling his small army in San Antonio late in the summer of 1861. He quickly discovered that outfitting his troops would take far longer than he had anticipated. There were few available weapons, uniforms and military supplies for his 2,500 man force, which he had named The Army of New Mexico, and so when the men finally began the trek to the territories, many did so wearing their civilian clothing and carrying whatever weapons they had brought from home. This included squirrel guns, shotguns, and ancient blunderbusses. 

One of the reasons ​Brig. Gen. Henry H. Sibley was so wrong about New Mexico's ability to sustain his army was a matter of timing. Since outfitting and training his troops took far longer than expected, Sibley's force didn’t begin the 600-mile march across Texas until November. The landscape of West Texas provided very little grass and other forage for the Army's horses and mules, and there was so little water that Sibley's line of march spaced itself so that each regiment was a full day behind the next, allowing the springs to recover somewhat between regiments. Still, the going was rough and the army began losing hoof stock. 

After the war, William Lott Davidson, a 24-year old private in Company A of the 5th Texas, recalled that “‘Chill November’s surly blast’ came down upon us as we camped upon the Nueces. There was no timber to shield us and the wind swept at us, and the boys on guard at night must have had a hard time pacing their beats on the cold frozen ground. We were tasting the bitter delights and mournful realities of a soldier’s life. We are now for the first time beginning to find out that we are engaged in no child’s play.” map by Matt Bohnhoff Nothing became easier after The Army of New Mexico entered New Mexico Territory. The weather at New Mexico's higher elevations was brutal. Firsthand accounts recall repeatedly waking up covered in snow. Davidson wrote that the sentries "paced in rags and tatters, their weary best through the long tedious hours of the night, with bare-feet over the frozen and ice-covered ground. ‘Found dead on post’ and ‘froze to death last night’ were sounds we often heard, as a poor, stiff, lifeless body was brought into camp, the dauntless spirit having gone to sleep, to rest with the brave.”

Blizzards, combined with too little food and forage led to illness among both men and beast. Measles and pneumonia ran rampant through the troops.
map by Matt Bohnhoff, from Where Duty Calls After failing to take Fort Craig in a frontal assault, Sibley decided to execute what he called "a roundance on Yankeedom" and bypass the fort. ​This flanking march forced the Confederate Army away from the Rio Grande, the only source of water in the area. Both the men and their animals suffered intense thirst. Private Laughter of the 2nd Texas recalled that “The dry beef we had for supper needed moisture. The fact was, if one of us coughed you could see the dust fly.” 

The old western saying that “whiskey is for drinking, but water is for fighting” proved true. The Battle of Valverde occured when the Confederate Army finally returned to the river on the other side of Contadora Mesa and found their access to water blocked by Union troops. To add to the misery, a major sandstorm, one of many recorded in soldier's diaries and memoirs, hit just before the battle of Valverde. These brutal storms were more proof that Sibley's men were campaigning in the extreme and inhospitable environment of the upper Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts. illustration by Ian Bristow in The Worst Enemy The Confederate's problems continued as the Army continued to head north. In Albuquerque, where they had hoped to pillage the government storehouses. They found that the Union soldiers had burned the supplies before retreating north. Running low on everything, Sibley was once again forced to split his forces in order to maximize their ability to forage on the sparse winter grass. Private Davidson was part of the army that was sent into the Sandia Mountains, where it was believed that grass was abundant. He found that what grass there was was buried beneath deep snow. "The army was marched out in the mountains east of Albuquerque and camped, as I thought, for the winter as the weather was very cold, sleeting and snowing all the time. At this camp we remained a week and we buried fifty men, and if the weather and exposure had continued much longer, we would have buried the whole brigade.”

The weather was no kinder in the mountains east of Santa Fe, where the Santa Fe Trail snaked through Glorieta Pass on its way to Fort Union, where the Confederate Army hoped to capture a wealth of Union supplies. The Texans won another tactical victory at the Battle of Glorieta, but returned to their supply train to find it burned. That night, Davidson wrote that “a severe snow storm arose and snow fell to the depth of a foot and several of our wounded froze to death.” illustration by Ian Bristow in The Famished Country ​Weakened by two battles, long marches, extended exposure, repeated winter storms, and insufficient supplies, it became clear that the Confederate Army had no choice but to to withdraw back down the Rio Grande. With the exception of a couple of cannonade skirmishes at Albuquerque and Peralta, Colonel Canby, the cautious commander of Union forces in New Mexico was content to not engage in any more battles. Instead, he allowed the weather and terrain to finish off Sibley’s army while he skirted alongside the Rio Grande, herding the pitiful remnants of The Army of New Mexico out of the territory they'd hoped to conquer.  map by Matt Bohnhoff, included in The Famished Country Brig. Gen. Henry H. Sibley had launched an invasion force of 2,500 men in a grandiose scheme to take the Colorado and California goldfields, establish a port on the Pacific coast, and open a route for a coast to coast railroad system, all of which would have dramatically expanded the Confederacy’s presence in the Southwest and perhaps changed the trajectory of the war. By the time his disastrous retreat was completed in the summer of 1862, he returned to San Antonio with less than a third of the men he had begun with. Davidson wrote that, “We left San Antonio eight months earlier with near three thousand men ….And now in rags and tatters, foot-sore and weary, we again march, if a reel and stagger can be called a march, along the streets of San Antonio with fourteen hundred men. I can furnish a list of four hundred and thirty-seven dead, but where are the other sixteen hundred?” While not all the the unrecorded can be accounted for, many deserted on the long retreat, heading for California or hiding in the hills.

 In a letter to John McRae, the father of Alexander McRae, a native South Carolinian who fought for the Union, General Sibley blamed the countryside itself for his retreat. 

“You will naturally speculate upon 
the causes of my precipitate evacuation 
of the Territory of New Mexico 
after it had been virtually conquered.
My dear Sir, we beat the enemy 
whenever we encountered him.
The famished country beat us.”

Sibley's New Mexico Campaign was small in comparison to the battles waged in the east. But on a percentage basis, it was one of the most devastating campaigns any Civil War army suffered through without surrendering. That outcome is even more dramatic when we consider the fact that each of the engagements was a tactical victory for the Confederate forces. Ultimately, Sibley was driven back, far short of his ambitious goals, by the sparsely populated territory's brutal terrain and unforgiving distances. It was, indeed, the famished country that beat him.  The Famished Country, a phrase taken from Major Sibley's letter to John McRae, is the title of Book 3 of Rebels Along the Rio Grande, a trilogy of historical fiction novels for middle grade through adult readers. Published by Kinkajou Press, a division of Artemesia Publishing, The Famished Country will be available in October, 2024. 

Recovering the Identity of Lost Soldiers

Photo credit: author. Taken inside the American Cemetery new Belleau Woods. When I visited American World War I cemeteries in Europe in 2019, one of the most sobering things to see were the graves to unmarked soldiers. Historically, most soldiers who died in battle were never identified. The Graves Registration Service, called Mortuary Affairs" since 1991, has changed that. This organization is charged with making sure that fallen American soldiers are identified and are laid to rest in proper burial places.
From ancient times, rank-and-file soldiers were usually stripped of arms and armor and left on the battlefield for human and animal scavengers. In later centuries, a swift burial near the place of death became the norm. Only in the case of the famous or the high ranking was an effort made to identify the deceased. In remote American frontier outposts, quartermasters buried dead soldiers, often without a coffin since wood was in short supply. They marked the graves with whatever they had on hand, and entered the death into the records. Forts moved, grave markers fell down or rotted away, and the location of the graves were lost to time. 
Things hadn’t changed much by the time the United States invaded Mexico during the 1846-47 Mexican-American War. When the U.S. government wanted to build a monument to the men who died in the Battle of Buena Vista, they could not find where General Zachary Taylor, who later became our 12th President, had buried his fallen men because he did not mark the location on the map in his report. 
During the American Civil War, soldiers themselves began to take their identification should they die in battle into their own hands.  Although there was no officially mandated form of identification, soldiers often pinned paper slips on their coats with their name and address. Others bought commercially made badges with their name and unit engraved.  When the Union Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and entered Virginia on May 4, 1864, they were appalled to find the bones of their former comrades, lost a year earlier, lying unattended on the ground. Many soldiers examined the remains for markings on clothing or equipment, the nature of the fatal wound, and dental peculiarities such as missing teeth in an attempt to identify the fallen. This approach became the centerpiece of 20th century identification methods. Once done, the men buried the deceased before moving on.
​
Captain James M. Moore of the Quartermaster Cemeterial Division personally led a group of his men to the field after the Battle of Fort Stevens outside Washington, D.C. They searched for and recovered both remains and personal items, identifying every single Union soldier lost in that battle. This effort helped establish the Quartermaster Corps as the entity in charge of caring for the fallen.  By war’s end, Congress had authorized a national cemetery system and the remains of Union soldiers were disinterred and reburied at them. One of those cemeteries was created through the efforts of John P. Slough, the Union Commander at the Battle of Glorieta Pass.  After the war he returned to New Mexico to serve as the territory’s Chief Justice and during that time he helped create the Veteran’s cemetery in Santa Fe to inter the Union soldiers who had died while serving under him. Later, Confederate soldiers were reinterred there as well.  Nation wide, some 300,000 dead soldiers were moved from their temporary graves to the newly established national cemeteries.
During the Spanish-American War, the U.S. became the first country to institute the policy that soldiers killed abroad should be returned to their next-of-kin. In the Philippines, Chaplain Charles C. Pierce established the QM Office of Identification and started developing what have become the modern identification techniques. He collected information such as place of death, the nature of the wounds, and the physical characteristics of the deceased soldiers, resulting in unprecedented accuracy even with bodies weeks or months old. He also suggested that a soldier's combat field kit should contain an "identity disk," the forerunner of the "dog tag" that American soldiers began wearing in 1917, when America entered World War I.
General John (Black Jack) Pershing, the leader of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I, recalled the now-retired Major Pierce into service to head the newly created Graves Registration Service (GRREG) so that the 47,000 U.S. servicemen who would die in Europe could be found, identified and returned home.
Pershing noted the courage of these men in recovering the bodies of their comrades in 1918: 

"(They) began their work under heavy shell of fire and gas, and, although troops were in dugouts, these men immediately went to the cemetery and in order to preserve records and locations, repaired and erected new crosses as fast as old ones were blown down. They also completed the extension to the cemetery, this work occupying a period of one and a half hours, during which time shells were falling continuously and they were subjected to mustard gas. They gathered many bodies which had been first in the hands of the Germans, and were later retaken by American counterattacks. Identification was especially difficult, all papers and tags having been removed, and most of the bodies being in a terrible condition and beyond recognition.”

While some of the dead were disinterred from temporary cemeteries and returned to the U.S. after the war, 30,000 were left in permanent cemeteries in Europe. Like former President Theodore Roosevelt, who requested that his son, Quentin, be buried near the site where his plane crashed, many believed that soldiers killed overseas should remain there. 
The GRREG was disbanded after World War I and had to be reactivated in World War II, when 30 GRREG companies worked in perilous conditions. Famous war correspondent Ernie Pyle reported that the men recovering the dead during the heavy fighting at Anzio frequently had to take shelter in freshly dug graves. They also had to deal with dangers such as booby-trapped bodies and snipers. When collecting bodies and taking them to temporary burial sites, the GREGG tried to use a route that avoided combat troops so the latter wouldn't have to be confronted with the death of their comrades. The grisly work resulted in some of the highest rates of PTSD in the military.
During the Korean War in 1950, the chaotic nature of the front, the mountainous terrain, and the uncertain lines of communication prevented the establishment of large cemeteries. The 108th QM Graves Registration Platoon, the only grave registration unit in Korea, sent 15 men to each of the three U.S. divisions to help in the construction of individual division cemeteries, which ended up being dug up so they wouldn't fall into enemy hands. The policy of "concurrent return, sending the fallen to the U.S. without first going into a temporary cemetery, which is still in effect today, grew out of that turmoil.

By the time of the Vietnam War, the identification of war dead had improved greatly, aided by ever-improving transportation, communication and laboratories. Only 28 American soldiers killed during the Vietnam War remained unidentified by the war's end. Using DNA analysis, the last one was identified in 1998.
​
May it be that no future comrade in arms will ever have to remain "known but to God."
Jennifer Bohnhoff is a former educator who writes historical fiction for middle grade readers through adults. You may read more about her and her books here, on her website. 

This Year's WWA Middle Grade Spur Award Winners

Western Writers of America is an organization that promotes Western literature, nonfiction, movies and music. Since 1953, it has honored the best in Western literature with the annual Spur Awards. Selected by panels of judges, awards are given for works whose inspiration, image and literary excellence best represent the reality and spirit of the American West in a number of different categories. The category of Juvenile Novel is where works for middle grade readers are represented. This year, the category awarded one winner and two finalists, that will be presented during  WWA’s convention June 19-22 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. There are many books about settlers on the great plains living a harsh life in a sod dugout while trying to make a new life for themselves. Think Little House on the Prairie, and you've got the idea. A Sky Full of Song is one of these books, but it covers this experience through the lens of Judaism. It is 1905, and eleven-year-old Shoshana accompanies her mother and sisters on a voyage across the Atlantic to join her father and brother in North Dakota. They are escaping the pogroms and persecutions of Ukraine, which at this point in time was part of the Russian Empire. Shoshana finds the northern plains to be beautiful and full of promise, but she comes to realize that the prejudice she had hoped to escape lies within many of the other homesteaders, and she is now culturally isolated. Desperate to fit in, she tries to hide her Jewish identity but a series of dangerous events, some human created and some natural, make her rethink this. Susan Lynn Meyer has painted a beautiful and sometimes harsh story with such hope that it brought me to tears more than once. There's no question in my mind that this novel, which won the Spur Award this year, should win multiple more awards and become a classroom classic.  ​What a fun romp!

Christmas is coming, and when Buffalo Bill Cody needs help protecting the gifts he's bought for his special Christmas performance for a Tulsa orphanage, he calls on Marshal Tom Mix for help. Despite his best efforts, Mix gets buffaloed and the presents disappear. Can Cody and Mix solve the mystery in time for the Wild West Show to go on? This is a madcap adventure with lots of well delineated characters and the kind of twists and turns that will remind the reader of the fun, old time B grade movies of the 40s and 50s and of dime store western novels. I laughed out loud at the sometimes snarky dialog and the clever turns of phrase. My only concern: for a book targeting younger readers, there's a whole lot of drinking and cussing that might offend some modern sensibilities. This is book #9 in a series that intends to follow the whole career of Tom Mix from young cowboy to Hollywood superstar. It was a finalist for the Spur Award this year.   Two boys. One battle. A life-changing encounter.
Jemmy Martin left his Texas farm and followed Confederate General Sibley's Army into New Mexico to keep his mules safe. Now after the Battle of Valverde he's protecting Willie, an orphaned drummer boy with a broken arm. Cian Lochlann is an Irish orphan who gave up gold prospecting to join the Union Army. All he wants is a full belly and a strong man to lead him into an unknown future. Both are pulled toward a distant mountain pass in New Mexico territory where the decisive battle of Gen. Sibley's New Mexico campaign will be fought. Called the "Gettysburg of the West" the Battle of Glorieta Pass will test both boys as they face their worst enemy. The Worst Enemy. Book 2 in Rebels Along the Rio Grande, a trilogy of historical fiction novels set in New Mexico during the Civil War, was a finalist for the Spur Award this year.  Book 1, Where Duty Calls, was a finalist last year. In it, Jemmy first leaves Texas and encounters Raul Atencio. The nephew of a prosperous Socorro, New Mexico merchant, Raul wants to become rich and powerful like his uncle. While at Fort Craig to deliver supplies and help build defenses, the Confederates arrive, and Raul becomes an unwilling participant in the defense of the Fort.

Upon the banks of the Rio Grande the two armies face off in the Battle of Valverde, and both Jemmy and Raul must struggle to keep themselves, and their dreams, alive.


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I have a signed copy of each of these four books that I'd love to give away to eager readers. In the comments below, tell me which one you'd like to read and why, and I will choose a winner for each. Jennifer Bohnhoff is the author of a dozen titles for middle grade and adult readers. Book three of Rebels Along the Rio Grande, her series of middle school novels set in New Mexico during the Civil War, is titled The Famished Country and will be released by Kinkajou Press, a division of Artemesia Publishing, in October 2024.

Saying Goodbye to Old Friends

This fall, I'm going to say goodbye to some old friends. I'm already feeling a little blue about it. 

I first met Jemmy Martin back in 2015. I was teaching New Mexico history to 7th graders, many of whom complained about how much they hated history. It was boring, they said: just dates and names. That's when I began thinking about writing historical fiction that would flesh out those dates and names: give them dreams and hopes and personalities. I knew the events I wanted to portray in my novel, but I couldn't find anyone who was everywhere I wanted him to be, so I created Jemmy. He is based on a number of different real people I encountered through diaries, journals, newspaper articles and rosters. 

Jemmy is a farm boy from the countryside outside San Antonio, Texas. He enters New Mexico with Henry Sibley's Confederate Army of New Mexico not because he believes in the cause, but because his brother signs up himself and the family's mules to haul supplies. When the brother backs out, Jemmy feels compelled to accompany the mules and bring them safely back to the family. It is a mission that he discovers to be much more dangerous and complicated than he'd envisioned. 
When he gets to New Mexico, Jemmy becomes involved in the Battle of Valverde. There, he meets Raul Atencio. Raul is another character that I developed inspired by real people. He is the nephew of a rich merchant in Socorro, New Mexico, but his father is a peon, a member of the lower class. He wants to become rich and influential like his uncle, who is supporting the Union soldiers at Fort Craig because it is lining his pocket, not because he feels any particular allegiance. Like Jemmy, Raul is not interested in the causes of the Civil War, but becomes embroiled in it nonetheless. This causes him to reconsider his place in society, and several aspects of his culture, including its relationship with Anglos and Native Americans.
In 2017, I published the story of Jemmy and Raul's encounter at the Battle of Valverde in a middle grade novel entitled Valverde. Luckily for me, and for the story, Geoff Habiger, the publisher at Artemesia Publishing saw the potential in my book and picked it up for Kinkajou Press, his middle grade imprint. The story was republished in 2022 with a new cover, a new title, and editing that made it both a tighter and a more emotionally satisfying story.  But the Battle of Valverde was not the end of the story of New Mexico during the Civil War. The Army of New Mexico continues north, and Jemmy goes with it. He passes through Socorro, Albuquerque, and finally encounters the Union Army again in Glorieta Pass, a mountainous valley southeast of Santa Fe. There he meets Cian Lachlann, an Irish boy who has joined the Union Army so that he can be fed and clothed. His greatest desire is to find a family and some place to call home. Cian's family immigrated to America to escape the Irish Potato Famine. After his mother and father died, the orphan boy travels west to mine for gold in Colorado. From there, he joins the Colorado Volunteers, who travel south to block the Confederate progress. He and Jemmy meet up on the last day of the Battle of Glorieta Pass, where the Confederates suffer a devastating loss to their supply train.  The story of Jemmy and Cian's encounter at the Battle of Glorieta Pass was first published as a middle grade novel entitled Glorieta in 2020. Kinkajou Press republished the story as The Worst Enemy in 2023.  Where Duty Calls has won the CIPA EVVY AND NM-AZ Book awards and was a finalist for the Spur and the Zia. The Worst Enemy was also a Spur award finalist. The highpoint of the story of the Civil War in New Mexico may be the Battle of Glorieta, but that is not the end of the story. The end doesn't come until the Confederate Army is out of New Mexico. That end comes in The Famished Country, the final book in my trilogy. I didn't write this book until after Geoff had picked up the first two, so there will only be one edition, whose cover I will reveal soon. In this third book, readers will learn whether Jemmy, Raul and Cian are able to fulfill their deepest wishes. Does Jemmy bring home his mules? Does Raul achieve the social standing he craves? Does Cian find a place he belongs? Or does each boy outgrow his original desire? In addition to having to say goodbye to my three boys, I'll be leaving Annabelle Watkins, the beautiful but petulant daughter of a Union Major, who stole Raul's heart, tried to steal Jemmy's and really wants to leave the uncivilized west for boarding school and a chance for a place in high society. 

I've been a little melancholy thinking about the end of the story. Even if they are not real, I feel that Annabelle, Jemmy, Raul and Cian are going to continue their lives without my watching over the process. They've become old friends in the years that I have explored their actions and personalities. I'll also be leaving a supporting cast of real, historical people. Unlike my fictitious characters, I know the outcome of these people's lives, and I didn't have any say in those outcomes.  Some, I am proud to have met. Others become people I am not proud of. If you haven't begun this story, I advise you pick up Where Duty Calls now. Read it and The Worst Enemy, so that you'll be ready when The Famished Country comes out this October.. Jennifer Bohnhoff is a former educator and the author of a dozen books for middle grade and adult readers. You can learn more about her and her books on her website. 

Meg Goes to America: An Interview with Katy Hammel

One of my favorite books this spring was Meg Goes to America, by Albuquerque author Katy Hammel. The gold winner of the Douglas Preston Award for Published Fiction, this middle grade novel tells the story of Kay, a missionary's daughter who was born and raised in Japan. With the coming of WWII, it is no longer a safe place for Americans, and so her family leaves for the United States -- or that's the plan. When father is detained by Japanese officials, Meg, her younger but very wise young brother, and her mother must make the trip back to Michigan on their own. It's a harrowing trip, but not more harrowing than learning to fit into American society. This novel hit all the sweet spots for me: it is historically accurate and the author really understands how middle grade girls think. Even more enticing, it's based on the real story of the author's mother! I was so interested and charmed that I asked the author if I could interview her. Here are the responses she gave me to my questions.  What inspired you to write this novel? Why do you think it's an important story to share with middle grade readers? I wasn’t satisfied there were enough books that portray the inner life of a ‘thinky’ child who grapples with big ideas about religion and loneliness and countries and cultures. When I was growing up, I treasured the novels of Louisa May Alcott and Laura Ingalls Wilder and Madeleine L’Engle. They wrote books about America that were specific to time and place through the lens of girl protagonists. I wanted to participate in that kind of story-telling.
Other than family history, how much research did you have to do to write Meg Goes to America? Where did you get the most help? 
Katy Hammel Family history was definitely the beginning. The character of Meg is inspired by my mother and Meg Goes to America recounts their actual journey from Japan to the U.S. My mother and uncle shared memories, photos, and letters with me and my uncle explicitly gave me permission to write the story. But I had a few other aces up my sleeve. First, back in the early 80’s, I interviewed my grandfather about his experiences during the war years. He recorded the story of his incarceration for me on the cassette Dictaphone he used to prepare his sermons. I digitalized that audio recording and I still have it, so I can hear my grandfather’s actual voice with his distinctive timbre and tone whenever I want. Second, my parents became missionaries to Japan post-war and I grew up there, so the things Meg thinks and experiences in the book are actually an amalgam of my mother’s memories and my own. Third, the Presbyterian Historical Society had a portfolio about my grandparents and other records about missionaries held in Japan during World War II. Those repositories were useful.  Meg and The Rocks: 2023 Winner in the WILLA Literary Awards Young Adult Fiction and Nonfiction category You had to move from middle grade to young adult to write the next book in the series, Meg and the Rocks. Why did you do that?
 
That was a decision I tussled with for a long time. It was very important to me that my main character of Meg be a moral decision-maker who had agency to take actions that had impact. That’s hard to pull off in a setting driven by world and family calamities outside her control. Everyone who writes historically based fiction for children faces this problem, including you! I’m thinking about books like the “I Survived” series, Titanicat by Marty Crisp, and your “Rebels Along the Rio Grande” books. There is a scene in the second book where Meg confronts an evil doer and of course, the second book gets us closer to the U.S. dropping atomic bombs on Japan. It’s mature content. What’s next?
 
Meg is a teenager at the close of Meg and the Rocks and the family is about to leave the Manzanar concentration camp where her father worked as a chaplain with our Japanese-American prisoners. I’m going to have the family move to Albuquerque, which is definitely not what happened IRL. Stay tuned because Meg is growing up! Click here to see more on Katy Hammel's books. 

Finding Fantasy Inspiration On the Internet

My first fantasy novel, Raven Quest, comes out next month. In the past few weeks, I've shared how a walk through the woods inspired me to write this story, and how I based the fantasy world in which it is set on the history of my neighborhood.

Another source of inspiration for me was, believe it or not, social media. I know what you're thinking: writers use social media to procrastinate and avoid writing. And that's sometimes (ok, I admit it. OFTEN) the case. If you edited the chart below so that the purple area said "Facebook" instead of Netflix, you'd have  a pretty accurate measure of my time on the computer. But sometimes that wasted time pays off in new ideas and inspiration. Just one glance at my saved file on Facebook proves it! Take, for instance, the post on the Blue Men of Minch that I saved in February of 2023. Scottish folklore says that the blue men of the Minch, also known as storm kelpies are mythological creatures inhabiting the stretch of water between the northern Outer Hebrides and mainland Scotland. They watch for sailors to drown and stricken boats to sink. They have the power to create storms,twist and dive like porpoises, and challenge ship captains to poetry contests, sinkings the vessels of those who fail. My imagination changed these men from blue to green, and made them shape-shifting frogs. Photographer Amy Kierstead posted this stunning shot of ice on the surface of a small pond. She named it "The Eye of the Forest." I call it beautiful and the inspiration for Iyara, the water woman who is the personification of all the streams in the forest outside of Lumbra. The picture below also inspired me. So yes, I do waste a lot of time on social media, but all the while, ideas are taking shape, building bit by bit, a single pebble of inspiration that begins rolling, gains mass, and becomes an avalanche of story ideas. Raven Quest, Jennifer's first fantasy novel, is appropriate for readers in 4th grade and above. Coming out on May 20th, it is now available to preorder as an ebook. You may also buy the paperback version directly from the author and she will be happy to sign and dedicate your copy before sending it.