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Treaty of Madrid overturned Tordesillas, giving land to those who'd explored; hence Portugal getting the river basin, despite only having had the eastmost cost before. Spix & Martius=1st foreign naturalists allowed on the river. Cedro logs a softwood=most driftwood on the river.

Horror for architecture students.

*facepalm* OMG GUYS DO YOU NOT SEE WHERE THIS IS GOING? I mean, how can you, it's just, ughhh. Damnit Ridley Scott, you've caused dramatic irony to ruin many a book for me!!! (in all fairness, I am completely fine with that.)

Narcotic plants=narcotic honey. Beeswax tablets first "reusable" paper. Stylus & stinger from root "sti" (to prick). German for amber, which has high flammability, is "berntein" (burn stone). Cuckoo bee's mandibles just for chewing out; a bee egg tooth! Some bees may be able to recognize harmful chemicals, sealing that pollen in its own comb cells. It has a different color, and tests shown higher in pesticides.

Transporting bees for pollination is helpful, but can also spread disease to local domestic and wild bees, as well as relegate the bees to a semi-monocarpic diet.

The buzzle a bee gives off when they land shakes the pollen out of the anthers of buzz pollinated flowers, like tomatoes
Varro: Caesars librarian and drafter of the Honeycomb Theory (the hex combs are the most efficient; least wax & most honey).
Monoculture an issue. Bees need diverse pollen.
Actual pests are used to dealing with toxins, so they can adapt to pesticide use, but bees cannot.

Bees are more adapted for pollen than wasps since they have barbed hairs.
Bees cannot see red (only yellow-orange to UV).
The tiniest gene differences in flowers can attract different pollinators with different traits.
Caffeine in nectar gets the bees to come back.
Some bees cut into flowers to get to the nectar.
Bees groom the pollen into clumps, only inadvertently missing some, which leads to pollination.

Female mason bees lay the female larvae farthest in their nests, with the more expendable male larvae towards the empty first cell and entrance. Fertilized eggs will become females, unfertilized ones males.

Three extra "eyes" called 'ocelli' help track light & polarization.

"Bee purple": yellow and UV come together. Concentrated around center of many flowers.

Wings can zip together to create one wing on each side. can zip together. Nerve impulses vibrate thoracic muscles causing multiple flaps per pulse.

Claws have notches spec. for cleaning antennae. Legs have hairs called 'scopa' for pollen.

Only females sting,

Bees are wasps turned vegetarian. It's difficult to pinpoint when they became a separate species, because the fossil record is very lacking in bee fossils. Possibly because they lived in areas where fossilization was rare (i.e. drier climates).