T.R. Robinson's Blog, page 25

Author Website – What to include?

[image error]The issue of whether to have a website or not has been previously discussed in Why have a Website? and will therefore not be further considered here, except to say the conclusion was: An author should always have one. (The issue of whether a blog alone is sufficient was also considered. The conclusion: No.) The topic of Websites – Hosted v Self-Hosted has also been previously considered therefore neither will that be further discussed here.

No doubt many reading this, who do not already have a website, will groan at the prospect of needing to create an additional online presence to those they already have. After all, most people are pressed for time these days. However, there is no need for them to get unduly concerned because an author website does not have to be complicated. Sometimes simple is best. Website Design – Basics, as inferred in the title, deals with the actual creation of a simple website. This article does not further consider creation but relates to, and contemplates, the various elements of information an author should consider including.

As stated; a website does not have to be complicated. Neither does it need to be ‘all singing all dancing’. Naturally, there are many things an author could include above and beyond what should be incorporated. The following is therefore broken into four parts: What should be included; Desirable additions; Optional additions; Other features.

Note: Readers need to bare in mind, as discussed in other articles, a website should have a ‘static’ ‘Home’ page with the option for other pages which may be static or interactive. Consequently, it is possible there may be some overlap or even duplication of the information suggested be included, though it would normally be presented in varying formats. e.g. Concise or Detailed; First or Third person; etc.

What should be included?

Though the term ‘should’ has been utilised the following are in reality ‘musts’.

Before continuing: The simplest website comprises a single ‘Home’ page. Though this may be acceptable to some, a majority of experienced authors and author related businesses will recommend also having additional pages such as ‘About’; ‘Books’; ‘Contact’; ‘Blog’.

Home Page

Visitors to a website, unless they have followed a link to a defined article, will first be presented with the ‘Home’ page. This is where the author has the opportunity to quickly raise the visitor’s interest. Statistics imply this opportunity only lasts for a few seconds, perhaps ten, twenty or at most thirty. If their interest is not piqued by then they are most likely to move on to something else. So, what are the elements an author should consider for their home page?

Author biography/Website purpose: Which to include depends upon the intended, primary, purpose for the website. Whichever it is the content needs to be concise and relevant. If the site has been designed to be purely about the author and their books, include a short author biography (suggested 100 – 300 words written in third person). However, if it has been set up for a broader purpose, as is the case with this website, a brief description of the aims and purposes. A visitor will want to quickly assess whether it is a place of interest and relevance for them.
Products: Small book cover images with a very brief description. These could simply define the genre, as has been done on the home page of this website.
Contact details: How a visitor may contact the author or website owner. This may simply comprise a link to another page or a list of contact options.
Policies/Terms & Conditions: Of course not everyone has such things but if they do links should be provided to where a visitor may read them. Example: many authors review books they have read but may have constraints on genre and who may request a review, etc.

The important thing to remember with ‘Home’ pages is, they need to be concise and quickly capture a visitor’s interest.

Other Pages

As already stated, it is not absolutely necessary to have additional pages to the Home page. However, the following information should be readily available to visitors and to include it all in the Home page would make it unwieldy and extremely full with the consequent danger of turning a visitor off. As already stressed, initial contact needs to have an immediate impact.

So as not to make this article longer than necessary, the sort of information to include is presented in one combined list without stating which page each item should be included in. In truth this will, mostly, be self-evident. Reminder: the type of pages an author should consider adding are: ‘About’; ‘Books’; ‘Contact’; ‘Blog’; etc.

Full Author Biography: Though this should be as complete as possible it needs to be relevant for purpose and not meander. A profile photograph/image should always be included.
Contact Details: Readers; Fans; Followers; Bloggers; Journalists; etc. may wish to ask specific questions or obtain further details. Options: Contact form or if preferred actual e-mail address(es); telephone number(s); etc. Important!: Security and privacy issues must be taken into account as any such information will be openly public.
Book Details: Covers; Synopsis; Retail links; Reviews.
Testimonials: Most likely to be positive reviews of the author’s books. However, some may have also commended the author for other matters in which case these could also be included (relevance should always be the guide).
Social Media Links: It is likely if someone has taken an interest in the author and/or their book(s) they would also like to follow/connect with them in social media. These days a majority of the population are active in social media and it therefore makes sense for an author to provide such links. Rather than clear, long form, URL (Uniform Resource Locator) addresses most users favour social media buttons to which the url link is attached. Note: Many ‘hosted’ templates already have the buttons available as part of their widget systems.

Desirable additions

E-mail newsletter signup option: As a means of communication an e-mail newsletter is considered an important, desirable addition. However, it is not to every author’s liking to have responsibility for issuing a regular newsletter. There are also the issues of privacy because, by law, most newsletter systems/formats are obliged to also include the author’s actual postal address, usually in the footer. Though it is possible to utilise something like a business or postbox address there are still privacy risks: some jurisdictions require the address of a postbox holder be revealed if someone submits such a request.
Blog: An excellent way to share things that will be of interest to, as well as inform and entertain, readers. By default what is shared will also reveal, at least a little, about who the author is as a person which many readers like. Nevertheless, it would be better not to include a blog if it will not be kept regularly active. Gives a very poor impression if it is left to stagnate. Note: As stated in Why have a Website? best practice is to have a Website with an integrated blog rather than separate sites.
Calendar of Events: Some authors, though has to be said few independent (indie) ones, participate in or hold public events such as: Book signings; Readings; Speaking engagements; etc. Contact with readers, fans and followers is always advantageous and therefore it would be sensible to publicise when and where such events are being held.

Optional Additions

Author Press Kit: Useful to have this to assist anyone one who takes an interest in the author and/or their book(s) e.g. Bloggers; Journalists; Editors (magazines etc.). The article contains further detail and explanation.
Media Kit: Whether to have one or not depends upon the overall purpose/aim for the website e.g. whether it deals with more than the author and their book(s).
Podcasts: An increasing number of internet users, not just authors, now favour the medium of podcasting. To be expected in these far more visually/internet orientated days. If an author does podcast it would make sense to either imbed them, or at least some of the most relevant, in their website or provide links to where they may be viewed. Note: To embed the website would have to be a self-hosted one.
Bonus Material: Some authors, to gain additional followers or attention, offer free books or other related material e.g. backstories. Their website is an excellent place to provide access or, if the website is self-hosted, to enable downloading of such material.

Other features

Website follow option: Naturally, any website owner will want people to ‘follow/visit’ their website on a regular basis. Note: Hosted websites, which most indie authors utilise, usually have a follow option automatically built in. If a self-hosted site, the programmer should ensure such an option exists.
Navigation: Most authors will undoubtedly chose to have more than just a ‘Home’ page. In that case they will need to ensure a visitor may be able to easily find their way round the website. Consequently, navigation needs to be clear and easy. Besides page tabs that are displayed by default, a ‘menu’ may also be considered appropriate. Note: A majority of hosted website templates have menus automatically incorporated.
Search facility: All part of providing easy access/navigation to information by enabling a visitor to enter a word or phrase relevant to the topic they are interested in. Note: Hosted templates usually include this option in available widgets.
Category List of Topics: Most relevant when there is an integrated blog. Note: Most hosted templates have such a facility built in: The author simply has to enter relevant category titles.
Archive of blog posts: Obviously only relevant to where there is an integrated blog. Note: Hosted templates usually incorporate this by default.

Note: Though not mentioned above, in addition to having additional pages to the Home page, most templates enable users to include one or two side columns. Some of the options mentioned e.g. social media buttons/links; e-mail sign up form; category list; archive; etc. may be incorporated in these rather than within a page. In fact, many templates already provide for such things as category lists and archives to be held in these.

Roundup

Authors are advised to have a website with or without an integrated blog.

It is essential they include, at a minimum: An author biography; Book details (titles & retail links); Contact details; Social media links.

It is also desirable they have: An e-mail newsletter sign-up form; An integrated blog; A calendar of events, if relevant.

The option for other elements is there and totally at the discretion of the author, though some should be seriously considered.

Overall: Website content should be drafted so as to quickly catch a reader’s/visitor’s attention and to show them, within a very short period, whether the website is relevant to them and their interests.

Born for Life by Julie Watson

[image error]Giving birth, many will consider, is just a part of life’s easy routine. Of course, in some ways it is nevertheless, it is doubtful the majority of mother’s would agree. This detailed memoir clearly shows there is much to be taken into account, and experienced, even with the most ‘straight forward’ of deliveries. The author, Julie Watson, has shared much from her own midwifery experience and knowledge which some may appreciate however, others may wish they did not know about it all, well not until it was absolutely necessary.

Despite all the interesting and informative details in this book, it is principally a memoir that records the author’s own experiences and challenges, both personal and professional. The read commences with her earlier years as a teenager setting out on her career path. Her nervous concerns regarding her ability to fulfil the duties required are affectively conveyed.

Personal and professional aspects are intermixed well and the characters encountered are drawn sufficiently for the reader to comprehend and visualise the individual participants. The professional details are interesting and informative, especially for the uninitiated. Occasionally, for some, these may prove too graphic though really interesting. Indeed there are parts that may be described as comprising ‘gore’ though, surprisingly perhaps, these are not too off putting. The inclusion of all this informative detail will help readers understand why the book has gained a few awards.

As already mentioned, besides the professional aspects, this is also, and overall, a personal memoir. The author’s own tale is full of changes and challenges both for herself and her family. There is love, disappointment, sorrow and turmoil. It would be unfair to potential readers to say too much more except this is a memoir that shows how such issues and circumstances not only impact the individual but also upon those in close proximity.

The author’s determined nature comes through especially when it comes to gaining her qualifications. Thankfully her husband, parents and in-laws were more than willing to help, particularly when children came into the picture.

As stated, the author has included a lot of informative detail. Some readers may however feel this sometimes drills down to an unnecessary level and is occasionally slightly repetitive. Though these do not interfere with the tale per se they may prove irritating for a few. Presumably the desire to ensure scenes and scenarios are effectively imparted motivated this anomaly.

This is an honest, heartfelt, authentic memoir. Besides the personal aspects which memoir readers will find interesting, it would probably also be of interest to expectant mothers and those considering a family. Though, as already suggested, some may prefer not to know or hear about the gruesome details until it is absolute necessary (pre-natal classes will cover the important aspects). Those contemplating a midwifery career may also find it a useful, illuminating read.

Four stars (4*).

The book is available in paperback and e-book formats.

Amazon.com               Amazon.co.uk

404 (Not Found) Errors

[image error]Most internet users will more than likely have encountered a ‘404 Error’ message at some time, even if not, it may help to have some understanding of them for the future.

This discussion will look at: What a 404 Error is; What are the causes; Alternative ways to try and circumvent the problem; How to check for 404 Errors.

What is a 404 Error?

A 404 error occurs when a request has been submitted to view a given website or website page but the system is unable to locate it on, or retrieve from, a host server. Of course, this circumstance may also arise with a blog, which, in reality, are just another form of website. The differences (between a website and a blog) are discussed in more detail in Why Have a Website?

Note: Terminology for 404 error messages may vary from site to site. This is because systems either utilise different programming formats or the website programmer has ‘personalised’ the message. Some examples: ‘404 Error’; ‘404 Not Found’; ‘The requested URL was not found.’; ‘404 Page Not Found’; etc. They all mean the same thing.

Causes

What causes a system to send a 404 error message?

Website or web page has been moved or deleted.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) has been incorrectly entered.
Server (destination) is not running or the connection is broken.
(destination) no longer exists.

Links that do not work, as explained above, are frequently referred to as being either ‘dead’ or ‘broken’.

Note: In 2004 some organisations adopted 404 errors as a means for identifying potentially illegal or ‘forbidden’ content.

There are further technical responses and issues but the average user has no need to burden themselves with trying to understand them.

Some browsers (the application used to view information (website/blog etc.) on the internet e.g. Crome; Firefox; Safari; Microsoft Edge; etc.) may return more friendly error messages though this relies upon technicalities such as file size. The average user need not concern themselves about the technicalities as the message usually makes clear the cause.

Note 1: In theory systems should use different error messages for different situations e.g. Code 301 for when a page has been moved or Code 410 when a page has gone (been deleted). However, these require special configuration and therefore the majority of websites do not utilise them and go for the simpler recognisable standard 404 error message.

Note 2: The fact a link has been identified as being ‘dead’ or ‘broken’ does not mean the website or web page will not be displayed by search engines though, if it is a frequent occurrence, they may cease to do so.

Ways to circumvent

Reload Page: The error message may have been displayed simply because the page did not load properly. Click ‘Refresh’ or equivalent to reload.

Check the URL: Has the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) been entered correctly – by the user or by the person providing the link e.g. are there missing letters/numbers/stops/etc.

Directory levels: Pages are sub-directories of the parent website. For example: in this website trrobinsonpublications.com/books is a sub-directory of trrobinsonpublications.com. In such an instance, when an error message has been displayed, the user should try entering the next ‘higher’ level directory. In the above example where the ‘/books’ page has resulted in an error they should try the higher level .com address and see whether the page exists (is shown) in the website.

Search Engine: Search the website domain name and/or keyword relating to the website/page name and content.

Browser cache and cookies: If possible check on another computer or devise. If the error message only occurs on one it may be there is a problem within the browser that was being used. If so, deleting the cache and cookies (browser search history) may sort the matter.

Contact Website: If everything else fails use the contact information available in the website to contact the website owner or company. Hopefully this will be identified from what is viewable or may be found by searching the Internet.

How to check a website

Naturally, where a website consistently returns an error message, users/visitors will conclude it is of poor quality and not worth their valuable time to pursue. Such occurrences, if frequent, may even result in search engines ceasing to index the site. In other words, the website will not be displayed in search results, even if the content/topic of the site theoretically fits the searched subject. Website owners/managers will consequently, wish to ensure their site is in order.

Fortunately, especially for the non-professional user, there are free services available to check for 404 errors. A search of ‘404 Error Checker’ will return a list. The following are just three:

Google Search Console: Requires user to have a Google account and to have registered the website with them. Simply enter the website address and the system will display any 404 errors found. Note: User has to be signed into account before proceeding.

Dead Link Checker: Whole websites or individual web pages may be checked. Simply enter the www. URL address (this site does not require the ‘http://’ element to be included) and click ‘check’. User will be required to verify request by entering the code displayed in a pop-up box. Note: This checker may also pick up other, non 404, errors.

W3C Link Checker: Complete websites or individual web pages may be checked. System simply requires the full URL address (i.e. includes ‘http://’ element). This is a particularly effective detailed search and consequently takes slightly longer than the others mentioned above. Note: It is possible the result may throw up a suggested error that is not entirely true. For example: A test of this website’s ‘Books’ page suggested the link to the Kobo store for book Negative Beauty is broken. However, when tested from the page itself the link works but is to the ‘gb’ (Great Britain/UK) store rather than the ‘us’ (United States/Canada) store. This is just an example of how detailed this system is in it’s searching.

Other link checkers: As stated above, these are just some of the services available, there are others. If anyone has come across one they found particularly helpful, please let readers of this article know by adding details in a comment.

Twitter: Apparently some Twitter users will post a tweet when they come across a non-operational website. The #websitedown tag is usually utilised.

Roundup

Not only are 404 (Not Found) messages irritating to users/visitors they are also very bad for the website from which they are generated. They give a bad impression and will more than likely deter people from coming back to the site.

Sometimes an error message occurs simply because a site or page has not loaded properly. As all internet users know there are occasions when the internet is either very busy or has a ‘hiccup’. Often simply reloading/refreshing the page will clear the issue.

Due to the bad publicity constant error messages result in, website owners/managers should regularly check their websites. For anyone conducting business from a site this is vital.

Results from some of the checking services may display additional ‘errors’ that may not initially make sense to anyone without programming knowledge or experience. However, frequently, a closer investigation will make the issue clear. If not, it will probably be best to simply check from within the website and/or by entering the details again (in a separate tab) as if a visitor to the website or page.

404 Error Messages are not the end of the world and may often be dealt with easily. But whatever the circumstance they should be corrected as quickly as possible.

Authors & Reviews

[image error]All authors, whether well known and traditionally published or an independent (indie) self-publishing one, value reviews. Without question these assist discoverability. They may also form the backbone for some publicity and marketing campaigns. In many ways they have taken over the role of word-of-mouth recommendations that used to be the mainstay for discoverability.

Whether an author should respond to a review is very much a personal issue that has been the subject of much discussion, and dissension, over the years. Many will argue they should not while others, in equal measure as a rule, consider it right to do so.

A Reminder: As stated in previous discussions and articles e.g. Reviews – What Wanted?; Writing Reviews, reviews are primarily for prospective readers rather than for the author. Of course, an author may learn from them but the principle should never be forgotten or overlooked.

Whether to respond or not
The differing opinions.

The following is based upon a variety of comments and observations read and observed in social media discussions and elsewhere over the years as well as personal observations.

Always: Some consider it only polite and good manners to respond to someone who has taken the time to write a review, especially as so few readers bother. Many also consider it to be part of interacting with, and appreciating, their followers, fans and readers.

Never: There are authors who strongly hold the opinion of reviews not being for them. They also consider to constantly respond would be an irritation to their readers and may even be interpreted as being spam (unsolicited and unwanted communication). There is also a fear such responding may be seen as trying to influence the outcome of subsequent reviews.

Occasionally: Thanking an individual for an excellent review or acknowledging the honesty of a negative review. Alternatively, they advocate publishing an occasional, general, broad spectrum, appreciation to readers for having taken the time to write and publish a review.

Principles

Negative Reviews: It must always be remembered reading is a subjective experience and what one reader may appreciate/like another may disparage/hate. There have been occasions where an author takes umbrage with a negative review and responds in a most inappropriate manner. Some have even utilised vitriolic language. It also has to be acknowledge some authors are very unrealistic in their expectations, deeming anything less than a four or five stars rating inadequate. Assessing Book Review Ratings discusses the topic further.

Positive Reviews: Naturally, everyone enjoys receiving positive feedback for their efforts and work. It is also natural to wish to thank people for it. Nevertheless, care should be taken. Readers should be treated with respect and not be inundated with unsolicited mail. This is not to say the occasional thank you would be unwarranted, it would not. However, most people are busy and either do not have the time, or the inclination, to plough through an overfilled inbox. They are more likely to simply delete such items and may, if it continues to be irksome, block the sender all together. There are however, authors who state they respond to each and every review received and to good effect: clearly, these know their readers well.

Reviews containing errors: This can be a touchy area. If the misunderstanding/misinterpretation is only minor, it is probably best to overlook it. On the other hand, if it is serious, there may be occasion to publicly comment to ensure potential readers are not mislead. Great care should be exercised. The wording must be courteous and put in as positive terminology as possible. No one is immune from error; author or reader. The temptation to vehemently justify something also needs to be avoided. Often, unless the consequences would be truly detrimental, it would be better to contact the reviewer privately to politely explain their miscomprehension/misunderstanding.

Respect Readers: Authors should always, always, treat their followers, fans and readers with respect. Even, if in their opinion, it is unmerited. This touches on a difficult matter: Some reviewers unnecessarily use savage hostile language or even ‘attack’ the author personally even if they do know them personally. It is suggested, rather than get into a heated debate, with the probable outfall, authors remain quiet and in no manner react or respond. Other readers will easily see how unjust the person is being.

Sharing Reviews: It is acceptable for authors to share reviews of their books via their website, blog, social media, etc. Accompanying comments should observe all the attributes mentioned above.

Requesting Reviews

There has been considerable change to what is, and what is not, acceptable behaviour for authors when looking for reviews. Some retailers (e.g. Amazon) and some book reading groups (e.g. Goodreads) no longer consider reviews received in exchange for a free copy of the book or other incentive, valid or, as Amazon put it, verified. In addition, sites like Amazon, may well remove a review if they perceive there to be some sort of relationship between the reviewer and the author. Apparently this has even extended to those who are ‘friended’ in such sites as Facebook. This is not to say an author should not seek reviews. It is just simply they have to submit the request in an appropriate manner and place: some groups and blogs exist for the sole purpose of reviews.

Author to Author

Many authors submit requests, either through social media, reading sites or direct, to fellow authors asking them to read and review their book(s). Where an author, despite their busy schedule, kindly takes up an offer it would only be fair for this to be reciprocal without the need for them to request it. (Of course, there is now the issue of reciprocal reviews, as mentioned above, not being considered valid which makes requesting one untenable. An author simply choosing to read a book (preferably purchasing a copy) without waiting for a request effectively circumvents the issue.) This idea has been supported, in the past, with frequent discussion about authors helping authors. However, there has been a noticeable change in attitudes over recent years with many appearing to have become quite selfish. The consistency of posts shouting/demanding for people to purchase, read and review book(s) has increased noticeably. Regrettably, this has not been accompanied by those demanding such action willingly, reading, commenting upon, or reviewing fellow authors books. Has society really become so self-centred? Have authors become so insular? To expect someone to read their works without bothering to read any themselves is not acceptable behaviour.

Where an author does review a fellow author’s book, the review should always be written from their perspective as a reader and not an author. When there are more technical (authoring/writing) points they wish to draw attention to, they should be communicated privately.

Roundup

Authors need to remember, reviews in the most part are for potential readers, though they may learn from what is shared.

Whether to respond to a review or not is a personal matter. Nevertheless, general opinion is, if an author choses to do so, it should be kept to a minimum.

Even where a reviewer has misunderstood or misinterpreted something, any response should be polite and respectful and mostly done privately.

With the many changes introduced over recent times, authors need to be careful about how and where they request a review.

For author readers, reviewing should be a reciprocal event. It is incredibly selfish to expect other authors to utilise their valuable time without being willing to also assist them in similar manner.

An author should write a review from their perspective as a reader and not as an author. Should they consider it necessary to add observations from an author perspective, it would be better to do this privately; via e-mail or private messaging.

Pinterest for Authors

Not another account to manage!

[image error]No doubt many self-publishing authors will react that way. Life is hectic enough with having not only to write, format and publish but also publicise and market books. On top of which there is the need to constantly interact with readers, fans, followers, customers etc. No matter the perspective taken, all social media takes time. Pinterest is just another branch. Nevertheless, does Pinterest have anything to offer authors? Could it be utilised in a positive manner? The undoubted answer: yes.

Todays society is increasingly a visual one therefore anything that feeds it must have value. Pinterest, along with other sites such as Instagram, is visually oriented and many authors have started utilising it. (Instagram is another topic not part of this discussion. Perhaps it will form the basis for a later article.)

Undoubtedly, most people reading this will already have some knowledge and familiarity with Pinterest, the image sharing platform. If not, it is fairly easy to understand – simply search ‘What is Pinterest’ and a lot of helpful articles will turn up in the results.

Principally, the site comprises ‘boards’ which have individual ‘pins’ (images) within them. Boards are usually created by topic e.g. travel diary; fashion; animals; films; books; etc. There is no limit to the choice. Boards usually reflect the users interests, hobbies, business, etc. As with other social media sites users are able to interact with each other: follow users or individual boards; add other users pins to their own boards (known as ‘pinning’); message each other; contribute to community boards; etc. So, how may an author utilise the site for their books and career?

Word of warning: Many users admit they get very distracted with Pinterest and find they are spending endless (often non-productive) time glancing through all the various images and photographs available.

Possible content:

Prior to commencing, users should determine the aim and goal for their boards and pins: To build their following; To sell books; To get people to their website/blog; To obtain newsletter signups; etc. To facilitate the end purpose, authors may, or in some instances should:

Create boards with images that reflect a book’s content: Perhaps chapter by chapter. Naturally, care needs to be excised so the board will not end up being a ‘spoiler’ for potential readers.
Have boards based upon a charter’s: makeup; personality; likes; dislikes; etc. These add another dimension and interest for readers. May even help the author format their characters.
Design boards that reflect scene settings; locations; etc. Again may assist the author when determining how to world build within their tales.
Phrase board titles so they attract readers attention. Same as when wording a synopsis or book blurb.
Add viable, descriptive captions to each pin. Again there is the need to avoid ‘spoilers’.
Include one or two # words within captions. Pinterest will automatically link these to similar words and images. Enhances interaction.
Ensure any links (urls) included make clear where a user will be taken if they click it. N.B. Pinterest does not permit shortened links that cannot be verified. Though this may sometimes be frustrating it is a good security facility that users should appreciate.
To be effective as possible pins should: tell a story; evoke an emotion; be compelling; etc. Nevertheless, it is suggested the author does not become over distracted or concerned. If the image viably reflects a book’s content it should be sufficient for purpose.
Establish boards not related to the book or aim e.g reflect the author’s hobbies; interests; etc. It can become boring and irritating for a viewer if all boards relate to the same topic. They often like to have a little insight into who the person behind the book/site is.

How to use

Note: As with most social media sites, there is provision for both personal and business accounts. However, as this discussion, as usual, is based upon the view point of an independent (indie) author, business accounts will not be considered in this article but to simply say, if the reader has a viable business it may be worth their while looking into setting up such an account. More information may be obtained by means of an internet search and from Pinterest’s help section.

Bearing in mind the intended purpose; aim; goal for the site, users should position the most relevant boards at the top. Moving boards round is a simple exercise. It may even be effective to change them round regularly so visitors are presented with something new each time they access the site.
Link site to website/blog. As with all publicity it is sensible for users to enable easy access for their readers; followers; etc. to all their accounts. Could also refer/link back to the account in e-mails and newsletters.
Connect Facebook; Twitter; G+; etc. accounts. Again, to direct their fans, etc. to the site.
Consider sharing pins and even boards with Facebook and Twitter. Care should be exercised as some may become irritated by dislocated pins and boards suddenly appearing, especially if it is on a regular basis. The last thing an author/entrepreneur wishes to do is annoy or put off their followers/customers.
Pin regularly and frequently. Some suggest 5-30 times a day, others 5-10 and others 1-5. The user will have to determine this for themselves. Besides the time involved in doing this they should also consider what engagement their boards and pins are getting.
Interact with other Pinterest users. Note: Other than copying and pinning fellow users pins it appears the majority are not over-concerned about interacting with each other. Nevertheless, they do appreciate ‘follows’. Users may simply enter a keyword in the search bar to find accounts; boards and pins that are either similar to their own or that interest them.
Search for pins (within Pinterest) to add to boards. Besides enhancing their own boards this also has the effect of notifying other users of the author’s presence and boards. They may become followers if they find pins they like within the author’s site. Note: Users are not restricted to utilising other pins; they may upload photographs and images from their own computer or from elsewhere on the internet.
Look into possibly forming ‘Group’ boards. These are boards that other users may pin into. These effectively form a community that may help gain wider exposure. Also, vice versa, users may consider adding pins to other user’s group boards. (Admittance to a group board is by invitation – not complex and often pre ordained by the board owner.) Care should be exercised to ensure any board pinned into is relevant or at least alines with interests. It will be quickly noted if anyone tries to ‘game’ the system.

Conclusion

Pinterest is not an essential for authors. Nevertheless, it could prove useful for publicity, marketing and interaction.

The possibilities are as varied as the individual. Creativity is the key.

As always the suggestions made above are not exhaustive.

At present authors cannot sell direct from Pinterest but of course they may add links to where their books may be found or purchased. However, as discussed in Pinterest – Buyable Pins (Selling from Pinterest) a facility for such an option is being tested. At present it is restricted to a limited number of selected business account holders who have to meet requirements that authors may not be able to. The intent is to eventually make the option available to general users which would be very useful if conditions are eased and third party companies provide additional facilities such as customer service support, return and refund systems, etc. Users will have to wait and see.

BookBub Events

[image error]No doubt many fellow authors, as well as readers, will have heard of BookBub and how any book included in one of its events appears to, always, do well on the day and after. It therefore seemed appropriate to ask someone who has succeeded in getting a book included in such an event to share their experience. Lucinda E Clarke has kindly agreed to do so. This is a guest post by her.

Guest Post by author Lucinda E Clarke

I am very flattered Tanya has asked me to write about BookBub promotions as I’m not sure I’m the best person as there are several people who have been accepted many times and they have only bestowed the honour on me twice, but I’ll do my best to give you some idea how my promotions went.

I first heard about this particular group by reading other blogs and understood they are the ‘cremé de la cremé’ of all book promotions, the one that all the professionals check out. You get the idea that if you are accepted then your book ‘has arrived.’ One of the FaceBook groups where I frequently lurk reported amazing results from their promotions and so, a year after I published, I sent in Walking over Eggshells which they promptly refused. Following my online friends’ advice I tried again, and again and again always with the same result. Sometimes it’s hard not to feel insulted when they refuse you within 2 hours, leaving you to wonder if they even looked at the book.

Now, their rules and regulations state that you cannot submit again for at least 4 weeks and the answer here is to be persistent. They never tell you why they refuse you so you have no idea if you are wasting both your time and theirs.

I didn’t submit every month, but once I had published the second in my Amie in Africa series, I decided to offer book 1 for free and to my amazement they took it. From the table below* you will see how much it cost me, I went into a mild decline, but I was assured that you never lost on a BookBub promo.

I sat up half the night watching the downloads, refresh, refresh and refresh again on my KDP dashboard and each time the numbers had soared. In all, over the actual day of the promo and the next 3 days I had over 27,000 downloads of my book – which in fact I was giving away for free. I was in a cold sweat it had cost me $800. (Note: the expected download figures were several thousand lower in October 2015).

However, my friends were right, in the following twelve weeks I raked in royalties of over $1,000 each month. And there was further spill over for Amie book 2 and my initial (rejected) memoir. Full of enthusiasm, I waited a few months and then submitted Walking over Eggshells again. By now I had a 5 star Readers’ Favorite and I was sure they would be impressed. No, back came the very prompt refusal. I waited and then Walking over Eggshells got a silver medal award at Readers’ Favorite and I was confident they would take it this time. They were not interested.

Almost on a whim I sent it in again, not for free this time, but @ $/£0.99 with an added quote in the box from an important reviewer, I just knew they were going to say no, but to my amazement this time they said yes – but only for Europe, Canada and Australia. I was disappointed but the cost was much lower so I clicked the buttons on Paypal and was thrilled to get 924 sales and the following month another 150 which were at full price. Now I’m sure this is peanuts to many readers, but before that I averaged sales in only double figures for Eggshells each month.

I did add a few extra promo sites at the same time, as I’d reduced Eggshells from $/£2.99 and BookBub insist all books must be at least half price or less.

So yes, they are expensive but should you be accepted I suggest that you will almost always get your money back, you only have to look at the number of subscribers they have in the table below*. You’ll find lots of helpful hints on their site and its worth taking the time to study it all thoroughly – but if they turn you down, you will never know why. And will I try again? You bet I will as long as I can scrape the pennies together.

My second promo was for the international only and these are the stats they quote for the memoir group** @ $/£0.99. The lower table* also includes the US.

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* Regrettably, the tables Lucinda refers to could not be pasted into this article (as they had been in her original Word document). The following link has therefore been provided in substitution: https://www.bookbub.com/partners/pricing

** Note: In her last statement Lucinda makes reference to ‘quote for the memoir group’. ’Biographies and Memoirs’ are the fourth item in the table.

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The two books Lucinda mentions have been reviewed in this website. Click on the cover image to read them.

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Interview

 

 

Further information about Lucinda and her books may be found at:

Website

Blog

Amazon Author Page

BookBub: For those who would like to know more.

Author Press Kit

[image error]As the topic of Media Kit has been previously considered some may ask: Why this discussion about a Press Kit? This will be clarified in a moment.

Also, just in case some readers are thinking it: The fact that press kits are now more commonly referred to as media kits has been covered in the article Media Kit.

Why have a Press Kit?

Readers may have noted this website has both a Company Media Kit and an Author Press Kit. The reason for both is, though the authoring of books is a primary occupation, the website and integrated blog are also dedicated to helping authors with the production and publication of books as well as helping readers to find interesting and entertaining reads and to help both understand the topic of reviews and reviewing. The website therefore fulfils the roles of both an author platform and a communication organisation. Of course, for many authors this will not be relevant but at least it provides the writer with examples of both that may assist a broader spectrum of readers and visitors. The company media kit deals with the more technical and professional aspects of the website and, as already pointed out, was the subject of the previous Media Kit article consequently, this will not be discussed further here. In the conclusion to that article the following statement was made: ‘Note: There are other styles of kit besides media that may suit an author better. (The writer will consider a further article that specifically looks at these.)’ This article ‘Author Press Kit’ is in response to that.

Note: The differing terms of ‘Company Media Kit’ and ‘Author Press Kit’ have been utilised to indicate the subject matter of each and therefore to, hopefully, avoid confusion.

As the title implies an author press kit should, strictly, focus on the author and their books. Some may argue they are more than their writing and of course they are. To comprehend why the more narrow approach is suggested it is necessary to understand who a press kit is for. It is for any journalist; media editor; blogger; etc. who may take an interest in the author and wish to publish information about them, interview them or refer to them in some way on a public basis. These are usually very busy people who do not have time to search for, and plough through, multiple sources of information. A press kit helps them readily find the information and to quickly ascertain whether the author and their books would truly be of interest to ‘their’ audience.

Of course, it is not necessary to have a press kit and many will debate as to its usefulness. It must be acknowledged the majority of independent (indie) authors are not so fortunate as to attract the attention suggested. However, if they do, it is sensible to have relevant information readily to hand. The time and effort put into creating the kit would be more than justified. Besides, it may even be possible having such a press kit will act as its own magnet; it make may make readers curious. Once created these kits do not require a lot of maintenance; a simple update to reflect personal and productive changes (e.g. a new book) is all that is required.

What to include

When preparing any publicity material the focus for it must always be kept to the forefront; it is very easy to be distracted by asides and to go off in tangents. As already stated, most of those who may be interested are busy people and, if they find an endless torrent of anecdotal information that they do not really require, may quickly abandon any further reading and move on to another project. The content should be as concise as possible without losing important information. In addition, what is included should facilitate downloading or copy-pasting. Time, for these people is always an important issue.

Contents list: The journalist, media editor, blogger, etc. may be looking for something specific. A contents list will help them find it. Keep it simple.

Author Biography: Bearing in mind these are primarily intended to be about the author, a biography should be foremost in presented information. It depends upon the publication type or perhaps the column space available, as to how long a biography the journalist etc. is looking for. Consequently, many suggest having a range of different length biographies to hand; Short (two or three sentences – no more than one hundred and fifty words); Medium (maximum of two hundred and fifty words); Long (suggested between three hundred and fifty and five hundred words). Naturally the suggested lengths are just that ‘suggestions’ however, recorded experience appears to support them. It is also strongly suggested biographies are written in third person: makes them more appropriate for a wider range of publications.

Profile: Photograph or image. This should be the same as that used in publications, social media and elsewhere. If considered appropriate, or necessary, as it is within this website, some explanation or clarification may be added.

Books: Naturally the person reading the content will wish to have some idea of the authors output. What has been published so far; Genre; Synopsis (short!); etc. Unless a vast number of books it would be sensible to include thumbnail images of all book covers. It there is a large number then a selection would help; probably best if these are of books the author is best known for.

Testimonials: Most will undoubtedly include positive reviews. Again conciseness is important so it may be sensible to simply include extracts. If an author has received non-review testimonials e.g. direct communications from readers that commend them on their general authorship, it would be appropriate to include them here. In fact, such testimonials, due to how unusual these are, may prove far more beneficial. If lengthy, include and extract, perhaps with a link to where the full testimonial may be read.

Interview Q & A: The busy state of journalists etc. must always be born in mind. It may help them if some ‘foreseen’ questions are posed and answered. Throughout conciseness is a necessary quality. Authors should therefore avoid the temptation to go overboard: two or three ‘informative’ questions, with answers of course, should prove sufficient. If the reader (journalist etc.) is interested they will no doubt contact the author with any further questions they have.

Contact: Naturally, information/links to where the author may be reached should be included. The reader should not be made to hunt for these. The author must decide, bearing in mind the information will be publicly displayed and the issues of privacy and security, which details to provide: e-mail address or contact form; telephone number, postal address etc. It is also suggested links to social media sites such as Facebook; Twitter; LinkedIn etc. are also given. These should be limited to the most relevant i.e. those that provide additional information about the author. Such sites as Pinterest, Instagram etc. would probably not be relevant. This will also be the place to offer the information in other formats e.g. as an e-mail attachment or, if the author is willing, in physical format to be sent by post. Some journalists etc. prefer these to simply downloading or copy-pasting from a website.

Conclusion

Though not absolutely necessary, an Author Press Kit is a useful item. Besides making life easier for journalists, media editors, bloggers, etc. it also provides a ready reference of material for the author themselves.

Purpose and aim must always been born in mind. These are not marketing kits; they are simply a means for those interested to gain further insight into the author themselves. Naturally, books will be mentioned but the press kit is not about them per se.

Conciseness is paramount. Busy people cannot be expected to spend endless hours of their valuable time searching for information. In fact, they are unlikely to do so.

The kit should be offered in varying formats; not everyone is reliant upon the internet nor do some wish to be tied to it. The author should be catering for all individuals.

Above all authors should be grateful if they do receive the attention of media personal; few indie authors are so fortunate.

Though the kit is not a marketing tool, authors may refer and link to it in posts that may help raise public awareness of them and their books but it should be kept to a minimum. As with ‘Buy Me! Buy Me!’ posts readers will soon be put off if they are inundated with anything similar.

The Mosaic Of C.P. by Win Kelly Charles

[image error]This book is primarily an update to the author’s original memoir ‘I Win’. That is not to say it does not contain anything new.

Note: Though not absolutely necessary, it would help the reader if they have read ‘I Win’. (Details of the original memoir, together with links, will be found at the end of this review.)

In this short follow-up memoir the author, Win Kelly Charles, shares how matters have progressed in her life and how she is taking a change of direction. Her inspirational determination, despite the challenges, comes through clearly as does her desire to teach and help others.

The author’s principle aims are:

To teach about what it means to live with Cerebral Palsy;
To help people understand how the condition impacts upon a person’s abilities;
To show how those suffering such conditions should not be ignored or looked down upon. (Sadly there are many who do behave in such a manner.)

Another purpose, that also comes through clearly, is Win’s desire to inspire anyone who faces smiler challenges, not just those with Cerebral Palsy, to live a full life. Indeed any reader who has not come across the author before, will be amazed by how much, as well as by what, this remarkable woman has achieved in her own life and the further achievements she is aiming for.

Though inspiring and informative, there is nothing remarkable about this memoir. That does not mean it is not a valuable, motivating read. The book provides further effective understanding for those who have no experience of Cerebral Palsy or for that matter any other similar condition. It also encourages those who experience these sort of limitations/challenges on a daily basis to live a full life.

Three stars (3*). As said this is not a reflection upon the overall value of the memoir. Assessing Book Review Ratings provides information regarding how ratings are allocated in this website.

The memoir is available in paperback and digital formats.

Amazon.com               Amazon.co.uk

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Review together with purchase links.

 

 

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Author interview.

Media Kit

[image error]Media Kit is the modern term for what used to be commonly referred to as a Press Kit. Traditionally press kits comprised a set of pre-packaged materials for distribution to members of the press and media for promotional purposes. These used to be created in physical form for posting to journalists, presenters, editors (newspaper/magazine) and other media personnel. However, with the increasing decline in print circulation and readerships new methods had to be adopted e.g. electronic format availability/delivery. Usually referred to as an EPK (Electronic Press Kit). This discussion primarily relates to the latter.

Important: Media Kits should not be confused with advertising packages. The purpose and aim of each is completely different.

A media kit should only relate to one topic/aspect as governed by the intended purpose. For example; if a company is looking to inform about its creation, constitution or work then the kit should be about it, its organisation, its purpose; its history; and so on. If the aim is to inform about its product(s), the kit should centre upon those. If the aim is to inform about an event, it should centre upon that and not bring in extraneous information.

What goes into a Media Kit?

There are no definitive rules as to what should be included. The contents are determined by whether it regards a person; company; organisation; cause; etc. or by product type and by the intended aim and purpose for the kit. This discussion will consider what could be included but throughout readers should remember content will depend upon the purpose and aim for the kit. There is no requirement to incorporate everything. Whatever the situation, care must be taken to ensure content is as clear, and of as good quality, as possible.

Note 1: Though the following presents an overall look at the subject, there will, in view of this website’s primary aims, be frequent reference to authors and books. This is not intended to make the information exclusive but is just a way of assisting the site’s regular visitors, many of who are authors and readers.

Note 2: The sequence for how information is presented/included is up to the kit creator and the following is not intended to set any particular order.

Summary of what included

This is especially important if there is a lot. Summarise either with a covering letter or contents list. Naturally, for electronic kits, the contents list is best option. Ensure this is clear and as concise as possible. Most people are busy and do not have time to plough through an endless amount of material. If they cannot get to the core of what interests them quickly they may well abandon reading further, which would be counterproductive for the sender.

Background/History

No matter whether a company, organisation or individual some background information will be necessary. Journalists etc. want to know who they are dealing and how they came to be where they are. In addition their readers would appreciate some comprehension of why they should be interested in the company/individual etc. It should be kept as concise as possible but not omit essential detail.

Fact Sheet/Brochure

Explaining, as briefly as possible: the product; specific features; benefits; statistics; etc. For authors this may be about their book(s), website and so on. But, it must be remembered these kits are not advertising packages as such. They may be used to support them but essentially are a means for informing the media about the company, individual etc. – Why it or they would be of interest to the general reader.

Executive Biographies

These should be brief biographies (bios) of key executives (directors, chief executive officers, site owners, etc.), individuals, artists, authors and so on. There is no need, and in fact it would be counterproductive, to include information about everyone involved when there are many. If possible, it helps to include a photograph of each person mentioned. Of course, for the individual author, this will comprise their own biography together with the profile photograph or image they utilise in their books, website, blog and social media.

Logo

It goes without saying the company logo or, when the kit relates to an individual, profile photograph/image should be included (in effect this is their logo). These should be of high resolution as the journalist, blogger, media person will undoubtedly wish to download it for use in their article. For independent (indie) authors it may prove difficult to obtain a high resolution image (300 dpi). Nevertheless, they should always include one utilising whatever they have available and hope for the best. Of course, they have the option of investing in one of the available photo/image editing services though it is acknowledged many indie authors do not have the resources to do so. Positioning of the logo is up to the kit creator: It may be included in its own area with, if appropriate, any explanatory notes considered necessary. Alternatively it may simply be placed against the company/individual name. The only criteria: it is easily downloadable/copyable.

Reviews/Testimonials

A short list of positive reviews; testimonials; feedback. It is best if these are allowed to speak for themselves without adding any bragging comments. In fact, any such comments may well turn the reader off. A list of awards, if any, may also be included, again avoiding any temptation to boast.

Quote Sheet

There is a suggestion, to forestall potential questions that may arise in someone’s mind, team members, if more than one, provide answers to questions they foresee as possibly arising. Could be done as a Q&A (Question and Answer) but in the interests of brevity would probably be better presented as a simple list of quotes.

Past Press Coverage

Naturally, if there has been previous press coverage the journalist, media contact, etc. will be interested. These would help set a definitive, viable, background for the company, product, individual, etc.

Sample

Of course, most product samples would only be appropriate for physical media kits however, an EPK may include some of the following: downloadable video files, audio files or books; extracts from written works (brief excerpt; sample chapter; short story); etc.

Note: Many independent (indie) personnel, who often have very limited resources, only have ‘hosted’ websites. These are sites they do not own. For example: where the website url/name includes the name of the host such as ‘wordpress’, ‘blogger’, etc. The subject of hosted and self-hosted websites is not a topic for this discussion but most readers of this article will comprehend. For those who may like to read further: the subject of Websites – Hosted v Self-Hosted has been previously discussed. Hosted websites or blog sites do not enable users to provide downloadable material. For them the alternative is to provide a link to where video files, audio files, etc. may be accessed.

Product image

If the company, organisation, person or event the subject of the kit is primarily involved with producing certain products, good quality product images should be included. For an author, depending upon the principle aim they have set for the kit, this could comprise book cover images. But it must always be remembered a media kit is not an advertising package per se. It may support these by providing background information but must never be used as the promotional package itself. Again, the purpose of the kit must be carefully considered e.g. if an author wishes to promote their website/blog it would probably be wise not to include endless details about their author career and books. There are other ways for providing information about the latter.

Press Release

Because this is unlikely to apply to most readers here, the point has been left until this latter point.

Press releases normally relate to the establishment of a new company/organisation or the release of a new product (book or new website/blog in an author’s case).

As previously mentioned there has been a general decline in print distribution and readership consequently, most, other than larger companies and organisations, tend not to utilise traditional press releases, well not in a major way. However, if a press release has been issued and relates to the subject of the media/press kit, it should be included. These provide increased validity for journalists etc. Logically, it should be positioned near the start.

Why News Worthy?

A statement as to why the information is considered news worthy (of interest to the general public). All media personnel, journalists, bloggers, etc. tend to be inundated with requests and unsolicited material screaming for their attention. They will wish to know: Why this particular company, organisation, cause, event, product, person, etc. should be of primary interest for their readers; Why they should invest their limited time in writing about the topic. Naturally, it will hep if the information in the kit could be related to anything concurrently in the news or to an ongoing public issue.

Contact Details

These should be clear, concise and easily found. It could, should, include an option for the information to be sent in a different format e.g. downloadable files attached to an e-mail or, if really required, in physical format by post. Some may prefer not to offer the latter option but they should be offering the e-mail option. If has been suggested the material should be provided as pdf files to avoid any accidental (or perhaps intentional) alterations.

As already stated the above is not in any particular order though there are some elements that should clearly be incorporated at or near the start.

Conclusion

For any company, organisation or person anticipating public interest a media kit is a useful tool and some would consider an essential one.

Before deciding upon the final content the specific purpose behind creating the kit should be determined. There is no point including unnecessary information/detail that makes the kit too lengthy for someone with limited time. Nevertheless, bearing in mind the need, as far as possible, for conciseness, all that is relevant should be included. It is advisable to always include a content list when there is a lot of material. Many would say it is an essential.

Authors may not consider very much of the above applies to them. This may be true however, if their book(s) are selling well, it may be useful to have something other than their ‘About’ page.

Note: There are other styles of kit besides media that may suit an author better. (The writer will consider a further article that specifically looks at these.)

It does take time to create a quality media kit but once done it is a useful tool. Naturally, it should always be kept up to date. For those that anticipate receiving any public attention it is a worthwhile investment of time.

As may be seen this is an involved, and some may even say complex, subject with many possibilities. The above is simply intended to provide an overall view of the topic.

Disclaimer: The writer is not a public relations or marketing professional. The above information has been primarily gleaned from research and observation.

Book Selection

[image error]In Readers Selection Processes the overall influences to book purchasing were considered. In this article, the more immediate motivations will be contemplated.

Naturally, everyone is different and have varying likes, tastes and appreciations. Consequently, most will read the following subjectively rather than objectively. (In fairness, it must be acknowledge some of the comments are down to personal taste.) Nevertheless, some of the observations may assist those who have no hard and fast guidelines for selecting a book to read.

Note: The following is based upon a submission requested by author Lucinda E Clarke for one of her newsletters.

What motivates a book selection?

The following is a list of what it is thought will be most readers primary considerations when looking for the next book to read.

One word high level responses are followed by an explanation of why the writer thinks these are accurate.

Cover: NO – Naturally, readers will look at covers and it must be acknowledge an unusual or exceptionally well designed one will catch the eye. However, many quality reads may be missed if an uninspiring cover is allowed to deter.

Title: NO – These occasionally convey a book’s content but often do not. Some may intrigue but not meet expectations and vice versa.

Synopsis: YES – It is considered, above all else, it is these that should determine whether a reader chooses a book. It should be these that provide some idea of a book’s true content.

Genre: YES – Most readers have preferred genre. Even if they do not, and consequently, are prepared to read in multiple genre, there will probably be some they would not consider.

Author: NO – Though some will, most readers do not follow an author blindly. Nevertheless, they are more than likely to consider a book by the same author if they enjoyed one of theirs previously.

Author Status: YES – Bearing in mind the overall nature and purpose of this website, it is suggested readers who are also independent (indie) authors should, to some degree, show a preference for the books of fellow indie authors. As the majority will acknowledge, indie, self-publishing authors need all the support and help they can get. In addition, though they may receive little ‘public’ attention, there are many good self-published books it would be a shame to miss. Naturally, non-author readers may not appreciate the distinction but it is suggested they also consider self-published books. There really are some great ones.

Length: NO – This has no influence upon whether a book is worth reading or not. There are some great short stories as well as full length novels. Nevertheless, it is accepted, if looking for something to occupy an extended period e.g. holiday read, a reader may go for the longer book.

Format: NO – Again this response is linked to the nature and purpose of this website. A majority of readers, including self-publishing indie authors, frequently state they prefer the feel of a physical book. Nevertheless, many acknowledge the convenience of digital books and how, when tried, they have enjoyed reading in both formats. A growing number of readers, if a variety of survey results are to be accepted, now have a preference for digital formats. This is especially so when travelling as it is far easier to carry an e-reader containing multiple books than to lug round the physical equivalents.

Badgering: NO! – The majority of readers will be deterred if they are constantly assailed by: Social Media or e-mail requests/demands to read/purchase or continual ‘In-Your-Face’ adverts; etc.

Conclusion

Of course there may be other elements, to those mentioned above, which some readers will contemplate. This article is simply intended to provide some guidance for those unsure of how to go about choosing a book.

In principle it is simply a case of readers not allowing themselves to be distracted by superficial elements and considerations when looking for the next book.

As mentioned at the start, this discussion is based upon a submission made to a fellow author’s newsletter. If you are also interested in benefiting from their informative and entertaining observations and articles and occasional offer, use the following link to sign-up: Lucinda E Clarke’s newsletter.