Mari K. Eder's Blog, page 5

The War Correspondents

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As published in the July – August 2023 edition of the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution National Defender.

A recent military magazine article on WWII journalists neglected to mention any women correspondents aside from Martha Gellhorn, and gave her a mere nod in passing. Yet she is considered one of the great war correspondents of the 20th Century, having covered nearly every major conflict in the world during her 60-year career.

By 1945, there were 250 women accredited to the allied forces as reporters and photographers. These included the likes of Virginia Cowles, Clare Hollings- worth, Sigrid Schultz, Helen Kirkpatrick, and Lee Miller. Trailblazers all.

But much as they had to fight to be able to do their jobs then, they now have to fight to not be forgotten.

Ruth Gruber, from a small Jewish community in Brooklyn, NY, was only 20 years old in 1931 when she made headlines for earning a doctorate in German literature at the University of Cologne, Germany. She was a phenomenal writer, an icon of American journalism in the 20th century. Her reporting started with a visit to the Russian Gulag, a book about life in the Alaskan wilderness followed, and later she became involved with coverage of the war in Europe and its aftermath. Ruth wasn’t exactly a combat correspondent, but by 1940 she was already an experienced newspaper reporter, starting first with the New York Herald Tribune. The next year she was a government employee, working for Secretary Harold Ickes at the Department of the Interior. There she continued to explore and to write. Her personal brand of journalism is what has often been called “the first rough draft of history.”

Ruth didn’t just passively observe history unfolding. She was more than a reporter. She said, “I had to live the story to write it, and not only live it – if it was a story of injustice, I had to fight it.” It was her destiny – bound up with stories of rescue and survival. She was the witness. And the advocate.

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Ruth Gruber, center, with Jewish refugees from Europe, in New York City port, on 3 August 1944
Photo: The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum courtesy of Michel Oliver.

Ruth lived the story of the only group of nearly 1,000 Jewish immigrants she guided from the Western Mediterranean through the dangerous waters of the Atlantic to the U.S. in 1944 as personal guests of President Franklin Roosevelt. In 1947 she covered the story of the refugee ship Exodus, bearing witness to Holocaust survivors battling the British in attempts to create a Jewish state. She also wrote 13 books on the amazing events she not only witnessed, but lived.

Margaret Bourke White was the first woman war correspondent in World War II. A documentary photographer, she was the only correspondent in Moscow when the Germans invaded. She captured the firestorm that ensued. Later she reported from North Africa, with U.S. infantry units in Italy, and was the first American woman to fly a combat mission, in a bombing run. The staff at Life magazine called her “Maggie the Indestructible.” She traveled through Germany with Gen. George S. Patton in the spring of 1945 and witnessed the liberation of Buchenwald Concentration Camp.

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Margaret Bourke White (left), at Buchenwald
Photo credit: U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #60632, April 1945 by Lt. Colonel Parke O. Yingst, courtesy of Patricia A. Yingst

Martha Gellhorn was another highly respected correspondent who covered events in Europe from the mid-1930s through her trip through Dachau at the end of the war. In June 1944 she stowed away on a hospital ship to gain access to the D-Day invasion and was the only correspondent and the only woman on the beaches that day, helping evacuate the wounded. Her husband, Ernest Hemingway didn’t make it to the beaches. She noted how difficult it was for women reporters to gain access, saying, “If they don’t want to accredit you, you just do it. Any little lie will do.”

The Wall Street Journal called her “One of the most fearless, determined and talented journalists ever to have covered wars.” She too wrote a number of books, detailing her wartime coverage, and she also wrote about travel and fiction.

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Martha Gellhorn (center) with the 5th U.S. Army, February 1944, Cassino, Italy
Photo courtesy of the Imperial War Museum, Great Britain.

By 1945 there were 250 female journalists accredited to the allied forces as reporters and photographers. They represented nearly every major newspaper in the U.S., plus dozens of magazines, wire services, and radio stations. These included the likes of:

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Several female war correspondents who covered the U.S. Army in the European Theater during World War II; from left to right: Mary Welsh, Dixie Tighe, Kathleen Harriman, Helen Kirkpatrick, Lee Miller, and Tania Long
U.S. Army Photo

These are but a few of those incredible women who fought to serve, to use their skills to find information and stories, sometimes terrible, sometimes over- whelming and heartbreaking, but always important, and indeed necessary. They had to fight for the right to serve, facing entrenched misogyny, sexism, racism, and often just downright stupidity. They had to prove they could dig a latrine, ride in a combat aircraft, face death and the evidence of its aftermath. They performed.

True, many were later haunted by some of the horrific scenes they had witnessed, as were thousands of men. But these women were determined to pursue the truth and tell it – loudly and often. These intrepid correspondents made a difference in their pursuit of the story, every one of them.

Many of these correspondents later wrote books about their experiences, published compilations of their stories, or were the subjects of biographies themselves. There are several new books on women correspondents published in the past several years that are more than worth reading, including:

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Sources:
John Anderson, “Recounting the Past of a Witness to History,[Ruth Gruber]” New York Times online edition, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/movies/05gruber.html, 2 September 2010, accessed 9 April 2023.

The post The War Correspondents appeared first on Benson's ReView.

Adding On

For the past two years, I’ve spent a considerable amount of time with my new friends, The Girls Who Stepped Out of Line.

Those intrepid women, trailblazers in the World War II years and beyond, kept me company throughout the empty span of the pandemic. I learned their stories, sometimes chafed at the errors mistakenly woven into the public tales of their considerable achievements, and over time, came to feel almost as though I knew them well.

I wrote their collective memoirs throughout those long, silent months of 2020. And then edited it and edited it again.

Their book was released in August of 2021, and I’ve been blessed to be able to talk about these pioneers since, sharing their stories, meeting some of their family members, friends, and neighbors, and finding out more about their challenges, sacrifices, and ultimately their successes.

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So many times as I’ve talked about these women, I meet people who tell me what their Mom or Dad did during WWII, how their grandmother served with the OSS, or their Granddad was a Ritchie Boy.

I was thrilled to meet so many family members whose mothers and grandmothers had served with the renowned all-Black, all-female 6888 Central Postal Directory Battalion.

In New Orleans, I met Major Stephanie Czech’s neighbors and her friends from Alexandria, VA. I spoke with Erin Miller—whose grandmother was also a WASP—and talked with many men and women whose mothers had served as nurses or worked in factories. I was humbled to meet Nicole Spangenberg, who served in the French Resistance, as Virginia Hall had done.

Some folks showed me pictures of their parents during the war and sent me their books, letters, and more.

I’ve been privileged to get to know so many great Americans through this book.

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Plus, I’ve come to know the Girl trailblazers even better than I could have imagined. 

I’m not going to abandon them now. But I am adding on. 

My next book, The Girls Who Fought Crime, will launch soon, and I will start talking about a new group of nearly forgotten trailblazers.

These women joined the New York Police Department at the beginning of the 20th century. The earliest employees were matrons.  

They cleaned the jail cells and the precinct houses, then, out of necessity, their duties expanded. They became undercover ‘actors,’ ferreting out criminals by getting to know their friends and lovers and learning all their secrets. 

They weren’t police officers yet but began to gain grudging respect as policewomen and even as detectives. 

Their roles grew, and their abilities to meet the challenges of policing were tested. 

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Mary (Mae) Foley was one of these early policewomen. She volunteered during WWI and wanted to continue serving following the war.  

She’d come to policing, as many have through the years, from a background in social work. Mae saw her role as a policewoman as protecting the innocent and at-risk, caring for those who needed protection. 

She wanted to see justice done.

Mae joined the force full-time in 1923 and served 22 years in uniform (well, once women received uniforms, that is). She was a detective and a fine one at that.

I learned about her peers and colleagues but found that while hundreds of women served with the NYPD before and during the Depression years, there were little in any files to be found about them.

Mae claimed to be the first detective on the force. She was the first to be selected from a civil service list to join the department. Other women also claimed “First.” 

They were all firsts in my book.

I hope Mae’s story will shed light on how these pioneers created their own rules and set and exceeded all expectations. I hope many more people tell me about the intrepid policewomen in their family history and share their stories too. 

Mae’s book, The Girls Who Fought Crime, will launch on August 8th. I can’t wait to share her story with an audience that will enjoy meeting her just as much as I have.

.stk-1035ebb{background-color:#273891 !important}.stk-1035ebb:before{background-color:#273891 !important}.stk-11dfcfb{background-color:var(--stk-global-color-14950,#273891) !important}.stk-11dfcfb:before{background-color:var(--stk-global-color-14950,#273891) !important}.stk-efc86f9 .stk-block-heading__text{color:var(--stk-global-color-14743,#ffd700) !important}Pre-orders for The Girls Who Fought Crime are now open!.stk-c855e38{background-color:#273891 !important;margin-bottom:0px !important}.stk-c855e38:before{background-color:#273891 !important}.stk-5bbe26e{padding-right:4em !important;padding-left:4em !important}.stk-0506615 .stk-block-text__text{color:var(--stk-global-color-23574,#fcfcfc) !important}

For fans of Margot Lee Shetterley and Liza Mundy comes an inspiring feminist tale of a woman who dedicated her entire life to the New York Police Department, upending the patriarchy and the status quo for women working in public service.

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Mae Foley is proof that women can do anything men can do, all while wearing corsets and the perfect shade of rouge.

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Four Score and Seven Years Ago

It is hard to believe that by next June, it will be 80 years since D-Day, four score years since the Allied invasion of Normandy, during a global war, one meant to fight oppression and preserve the peace and freedom of people across the world. This was considered the ‘righteous’ war; Americans fought for democracy and to defeat tyranny.

Second Lieutenant Kate Flynn was there in Normandy, sloshing through the waves just a few weeks after D-Day. Kate Flynn remembered the date her entire life—not only the date of June 6th but the date of July 15th.

The beach was still smoking and littered with destroyed vehicles and equipment when her 53rd Combat Hospital (Heavy Casualty) unit landed on Utah Beach.

The twenty-two-year-old nurse was shocked at the sight, but she carried on like the eighteen other nurses in her unit. The 53rd was attached to infantry and armored units, parts of Patton’s Third Army.

For the next year, they moved forward every eight to ten days, breaking down the triage and surgical tents and staying close behind the front-line units. Kate and her fellow nurses were involved in every major engagement in that campaign, traveling from France through Belgium, the Netherlands, and finally into Germany.

She earned five battle stars in her service: Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes, Central Europe, Rhineland, and the Battle of the Bulge.

The nurses didn’t have it easy.

After the war, like so many of her generation, she simply carried on.

Kate married James Nolan, a lovely man she met while training at what was then called MacDill Army Air Field in Tampa, FL. They had seven children, three of whom also served.

In 2001, over fifty years later, she returned to those beaches, the horrible memories and the nightmarish scenes resurfacing in her mind.

She joined veterans support groups, often the only woman in attendance.

Kate passed away in 2019. Like thousands of other members of the Greatest Generation, Kate Flynn Nolan won’t be able to witness the 80th anniversary.

But there are still living veterans who will see that day—attend the events, participate in the ceremonies, and watch the reenactments.

They will still remember, and their memories live in us.

In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln opened the Gettysburg Address with the words, “Four Score and seven years ago….”

In that brief 271-word speech, he brought the audience forward— from recalling the birth of the American nation to the midst of the bloody Civil War—at the gates of a new cemetery at the Gettysburg Battlefield where he stood.

Four score is eighty years; the plus seven meant Lincoln was referring to the fact that a mere 87 years before the Gettysburg Address, the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the American nation was born.

Eighty-seven years isn’t a long time.

While that period may have encompassed two or even three generations of Americans, it also means there were still those living men and women who could recall the struggle for independence from Great Britain and the pride in creating a new country independent and free.

They had to be shocked that it had taken so little time for a civil war and potential dissolution to threaten the new nation. On the 1863 day Lincoln gave that address, the war’s outcome was still uncertain, but ultimately, the union prevailed.

Lincoln’s speech reflected his belief that the war wasn’t just about the fight to preserve the union but reflected a higher ideal: to preserve freedom and equality for all.

Today, it is nearly four-score years since the launch of Operation Overlord and the beginning of the end of the Nazi efforts to bring a dictatorship to Europe. We have much to be grateful for today.

Eighty years may seem like a long time to some. But it is the sacrifices of our grandparents that brought hope and freedom to all of us.

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The post Four Score and Seven Years Ago appeared first on Benson's ReView.

Mary, Mae, and Many More!

Mary Agnes Sullivan built a remarkable 35-year career as a pioneering policewoman in New York City. She became the first woman homicide detective in the New York City Police Department, breaking down barriers and setting new standards for women in law enforcement. Her achievements were numerous, including being the first woman to make lieutenant, the second woman to achieve the rank of first-grade detective, and the first woman inducted into the NYPD Honor Legion. Sullivan’s dedication and contributions to the force were recognized when she was appointed as the director of the Bureau of Policewomen, a position she held for the last 20 years of her career.

Sullivan’s impact on law enforcement extended beyond her achievements. She inspired other remarkable women, such as Mae Foley, to follow in her footsteps. Foley, who joined the New York City Police Department in the early 1920s, also became a trailblazer for women in law enforcement. She broke barriers and fought against gender biases, becoming one of the first women to work as a plainclothes detective in New York City. Like Sullivan’s, Foley’s determination and perseverance inspired countless women to pursue careers in law enforcement.

Despite their significant contributions, Sullivan and Foley faced challenges and resistance during their careers. Both women encountered skepticism and prejudice from male officers, and sometimes even from the very prisoners they sought to protect. However, their unwavering commitment and remarkable achievements opened doors for future generations of women in law enforcement.

Sullivan’s illustrious career and experiences as a New York City police detective during the late 1920s and 1930s were documented in her autobiography, “My Double Life: The Story of a New York Policewoman.” Initially published in 1938, the book sheds light on her journey as a trailblazing woman in law enforcement. Its significance and relevance were evident as the autobiography was re-released in 1983, ensuring that Sullivan’s story continued to inspire future generations.

Mary Agnes Sullivan and Mae Foley, alongside other pioneering women in law enforcement, have left an indelible mark on women’s history in the field. Their determination, courage, and groundbreaking achievements have forever changed the landscape of law enforcement, inspiring countless women to pursue careers in this traditionally male-dominated profession.

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The post Mary, Mae, and Many More! appeared first on Benson's ReView.

Who’s On First?

Ellen O’Grady claimed to be the first female detective.

So did Mary Sullivan, but Ellen O’Grady had been a matron first, and Mary Sullivan hadn’t been through basic police training.

Additionally, as Mae knew, many claimed to be the first policewoman or the first detective. One claimed to be the first to make an arrest, another the first to testify in court.

To Mae, they were all firsts, all serving at about the same time.

If she had to make a point, Mae would later say that she was the first detective from the first group of policewomen selected from the city’s civil service list, and she was trained and educated as a policewoman before becoming a detective.

She had never been a matron, a civilian working for the department.

A sworn officer since 1923, she earned her detective shield. And she fulfilled her role every day on the job.

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The Fearless Capt. Edna Pitkin

One of Mae Foley’s friends in the Women’s Police Reserve was Capt. Edna Pitkin.

Edna was a Broadway regular, and Mae thought her a bit impulsive. 

One day she told Mae that she’d learned the Department wanted to test out a new bulletproof vest. She volunteered to wear the 12-lb vest and let the inventor shoot her with a .38 police pistol.  

“Didn’t even tickle,”  she proclaimed. 

Mae was flabbergasted.

Mae Foley and Capt. Edna Pitkin are but two of the fascinating women detailed in my upcoming book, The Girls Who Fought Crime. It releases on August 8 and is available for pre-order wherever you buy books!

The post The Fearless Capt. Edna Pitkin appeared first on Benson's ReView.

A Look at the Research for The Girls Who Fought Crime

Over Memorial Day 2022, I spent some time getting to know the streets of New
York City as Mae Foley, a new policewoman in the 1920s and 1930s, would have
known them as part of my research for The Girls Who Fought Crime.

I saw the locations for speakeasies, the route she would have walked along Broadway, learned about the construction of Rockefeller Center, and, of course, Grand Central Station.

At the New York Public Library, I discovered the 1933 training program for the New York Police Academy. Jiu Jitsu was definitely a required course!

The post A Look at the Research for The Girls Who Fought Crime appeared first on Benson's ReView.

Did Women Just Not Exist?

Where are all the women? I’m not trained as a professional historian. But I have written about historical topics and published essays, articles, and books on historical events and people. I’ve learned a lot in the process. Over the past several years I’ve discovered just how much a distortion or omission of fact can literally alter the perception of past events, in effect changing history and ultimately impacting our understanding of it. These questions of omission and distortion are especially problematic when it comes to our collective understanding of the role women have played in the history of war and in military service. Women’s contributions are often absent or distorted, which, intentional or not, distorts our view of both the past and present.

The post Did Women Just Not Exist? appeared first on Benson's ReView.

The Rule of Law

The first day of May is Law Day, a day in which we recognize the importance of the rule of law in the founding of America and its significance in our society.

Law Day was established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958 to educate the public about the legal system and celebrate American liberties. It was later codified by Public Law 87-20 on April 7, 1961.

The President famously said, “If civilization is to survive, it must choose the rule of law.”

On this day, there are seminars and lectures, luncheon speakers, and commentaries in the media. But this is not just about lawyers and judges talking about the law.

Law Day is also a day for the law enforcement community to talk about their role in upholding the rule of law.

Mae Foley was well aware of the role of law in maintaining the public’s trust in honest government. She began her career in social work at the beginning of the twentieth century in New York City.

The law protected citizens and immigrants alike from illegal labor practices, price gouging in rent, the scams of self-proclaimed psychics, the ruses of quack doctors, and worse.

Mae knew the importance of equal protection under the law, and once Mae and her husband John had two young girls, she became even more concerned with protecting the innocent, the at-risk, and the vulnerable.

During World War I, she volunteered for the Women’s Police Reserve, then recruited thousands to their ranks.

Captain Charles McKinney with the Policewomen’s Reserve

At first, she was concerned with the fate of runaway girls and their seeming inability to resist the draw of New York’s shipyards and the throngs of young sailors training there.

But as her confidence and skills grew, she and her colleagues also focused on how to support the patrolmen in the department who were overwhelmed by the rise in petty crime.

They initially assumed much of the New York Police Department’s administrative burden, preparing reports and filing documents.

They also patrolled the streets; much like a neighborhood watch, these women kept an eye out for their neighbors and made their presence known.

They also searched out German infiltrators, spotted criminals in the act, and supported their male colleagues in any way they could.

Many returned to their families following the war, but Mae Foley, applied to become a policewoman; her goal was to continue her career of service. She became a sworn officer in 1923.

The theme for this year’s Law Day is “The Cornerstone of Democracy: Civics, Civility, and Collaboration.”

At first, she was concerned with the fate of runaway girls and their seeming inability to resist the draw of New York’s shipyards and the throngs of young sailors training there.

But as her confidence and skills grew, she and her colleagues also focused on how to support the patrolmen in the department who were overwhelmed by the rise in petty crime.

They initially assumed much of the New York Police Department’s administrative burden, preparing reports and filing documents.

They also patrolled the streets; much like a neighborhood watch, these women kept an eye out for their neighbors and made their presence known.

They also searched out German infiltrators, spotted criminals in the act, and supported their male colleagues in any way they could.

Many returned to their families following the war, but Mae Foley, applied to become a policewoman; her goal was to continue her career of service. She became a sworn officer in 1923.

The theme for this year’s Law Day is “The Cornerstone of Democracy: Civics, Civility, and Collaboration.”

Many polls and surveys over the past several years have shown a significant decline in trust in democratic institutions and norms.

Law Day 2023 focuses on the importance of rebuilding trust while emphasizing civility and respect in public discourse, and encouraging the development of a new commitment to working together for shared goals—the public good.

It isn’t just about the courts. Democratic institutions generally include the whole of government at all levels, plus non-government institutions, business, and the media. Together, they make democracy function.

Mae Foley was long retired by the time Law Day was established. She retired in 1946, just after the end of World War II, drawing to a close 23 years as a policewoman.

The American Bar Association first proposed Law Day as a federal holiday in 1957. The focus on the American Legal System was their stated reason, but the proposal was also intended to defer attention from the long-standing events of May Day—a celebration devoted to worker’s rights, an event often identified with communism.

Mae had been to Russia years earlier, and she was especially concerned that Americans learn more about the potential threat Russia presented.

Mae Foley thought May Day a grand idea.

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Love Never Dies

In midsummer 1942, a twelve-year-old girl living in Amsterdam felt her life shift from freedom to fear. Anne Frank and her family went into hiding to avoid being arrested and deported by the Nazis.

Thirty-six miles south of the Frank family’s hiding place, in an annex above her father’s office, another young woman felt her life change direction too.