Mari K. Eder's Blog, page 4

The Raid, Investigation, and the Trial

“Guilty, guilty, guilty!” 

In thirty minutes the defendants in the “Lucky” Luciano mob trial, all nine of them, heard those words 549 times. They were all going to prison. 

Mae Foley, NYPD policewoman seconded to the District Attorney’s office heard those words too and breathed a sigh of relief. Finally she could stop babysitting the female witnesses, forty prostitutes and madams. There were about a dozen more, including bookies and male madams.

But her time was done. She hoped.

In his 1939 book, Lucky Luciano: His Amazing Trial and Wild Witnesses, New York newspaper reporter Hickman Powell laid out the whole story of District Attorney Thomas Dewey’s investigation into Luciano’s crime organization, “The Combination,” the arrests of Luciano and his co-defendants, and the lengthy spectacle that was the trial itself.

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Lucky Luciano’s mugshot from 1931

By way of background, he covered a lot of the territory of Manhattan’s crime history.

In the early days of the 20th century, it was a territory divided into gang territories, a fact the young Mae knew well. By the time she had grown up on the lower East Side, and joined the NYPD as a policewoman in 1923, the city was in the throes of dealing with a major crime surge, the result of the new law known as Prohibition. The dance halls, the speakeasies, and the clip joints flourished.

Fresh from her first assignment with the Masher Squad, Mae enjoyed her time with the task force charged with raiding and shutting down the illicit trade in alcohol. She never knew Luciano was one of the bootleggers.

Prohibition was never fully successful. Eventually the law was repealed and Mae transferred from Manhattan to the 103rd Precinct, thinking this new location would be a better place to raise her teenage daughters.

She was quickly brought on board and assigned as part of a task force that sought out a serial killer. She later took part in any number of sting operations.

But in 1936 she was seconded to the office of the New York District Attorney, Thomas Dewey. And found herself embroiled in the world of the mob.

As Powell tells it, the prostitutes were a varied lot, “harsh-voiced madams from Eastern Europe with black mustaches,” madams both blowsy and stringy, some beautiful blondes, dark and soulful brunettes, spinsters, and young girls who still appeared fresh and innocent. They came from all over, with only a few hailing from New York.

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1931 New York skyline from the shore of the East River

One was an eighteen-year-old girl named Margaret (some of Powell’s names of the witnesses don’t match other accounts I’ve found).

Margaret had lied to her mother about her sordid profession and was afraid to face her. Once arrested it seemed her mother wanted to visit but Margaret was afraid. The DA’s office decided to help her out. Margaret rented a hotel room, and accompanied by a ‘middle-aged, motherly: policewoman (most likely Mae Foley) she arranged to meet with her mother.

The visit went well and Margaret remained a compliant witness throughout the trial and once Luciano was convicted she vowed to ‘go straight’ and married a nice, average young man,

Mae Foley, though, was busy throughout the trial, escorting the witnesses, protecting them from some of Luciano’s cohorts bent on revenge, and keeping them out of the kind of trouble they seemed likely to seek out on their own.

Once the trial began, a newspaper article stated the girls were not nice ladies because none of them wore gloves. After that, Mae’s charges all made certain they had their hands nicely covered when they were in court. Mae hadn’t counted on shopping for the witnesses as one of her duties.

Some of the witnesses stayed in the House of Detention in Manhattan. Others were permitted to stay in apartments, usually two of them together. Still others, who were the ones offering the most damning testimony against Luciano, were housed far away from downtown, in a safe house.

All of the women had been offered immunity from prosecution and looked forward to life after the trial.

After months of interviews, preparing testimony, and Dewey reviewing the prosecution’s case, the trial began on May 11, 1936 in the County Courthouse in Foley Square, Manhattan. Dewey had four assistants with him and his entire office was involved in preparing for the trial.

Over two weeks over 28 witnesses had testified, one of them the madam Cokey Flo brown spent nine hours on the stand.

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Cokey Flo Brown was a heroin addict and one of the main witnesses in the Luciano trial. She testified that he told her he wanted to run his string of brothels like a department store chain.

According to Powell, a woman named Mildred Harris was the last prostitute to testify. She too spent over nine hours in the witness box.

In Mae Foley’s story the last woman to testify was Molly Leonard, aka Molly Glick, and she identified Lucky Luciano clearly.

As Mae later told the story, she was driving Molly back to the safe house in Queens when they were followed by a sedan packed with dark, shadowy men carrying machine guns. It was only due to their evasive maneuvers that all survived.

Mae was grateful to hear the guilty verdicts and know the trial was over. But she still had more adventures in Mr. Dewey’s office to come.

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The post The Raid, Investigation, and the Trial appeared first on Benson's ReView.

An OSS Tour for Today

In 1943, Betty McIntosh (then Betty MacDonald) joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and began to learn what her duties would be in the Morale Operations Division.

A former newspaper reporter, she thought she would be well-suited to serve in an organization that conducted propaganda, influence, and deception operations designed to degrade the enemy’s ability to fight.

She spent those early days at the OSS HQ, at Navy Hill, in Southeast D.C. The OSS Director, Maj. Gen. “Wild Bill” Donovan had his offices in Room 109 of East Building at the site.

Today, Observatory Hill, is under the direction of the State Department, and is closed to the public. But it would make a fitting starting point for an OSS tour of Washington, D.C. and its environs.

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OSS Memorial, featuring a statue of Maj. Gen. Bill Donovan in the lobby of the East Building at the former OSS Campus on Navy Hill

Betty wasn’t going to be an intelligence agent or a spy. She didn’t have to endure the grueling operational training that the OSS intelligence and counterintelligence agents needed. Their training primarily took place at two locations, both within a 50-mile radius of Washington, D.C.

The first, was at what was known as Chopawamsic Recreational Demonstration Area, known today as Prince William County Forest Park near Quantico, Virginia.

Heavily wooded and isolated, the park section later designated as Training Area A, was initially developed as the site for basic special operations training. This included guerrilla warfare, sabotage, close combat and covert operations.

Site B was located north of the District, in Cacoctin Mountain Park, Maryland. While this location was initially used for paramilitary training, it later became the holding area for newly trained agents awaiting orders to deploy overseas.

Site C was also located within the Chopawamsic park, and focused on clandestine communications. This included radio communications, Morse code, and the fundamentals of wire tapping.

There were other sites as well, including Site E in Baltimore, MD and Site F, at the Congressional Country Club in Potomoc, MD.

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OSS field communications training at site C

When Betty MacDonald received orders to deploy to India for her first overseas assignment, her operational training began in earnest.

Since she was part of the Operations half of the OSS, she wasn’t programmed to receive the intense combat training held at Sites A-C. Instead, she was scheduled for a condensed regimen, a three-week course designed to prepare her for conducting basic field operations.

Part 1 included basic operational techniques, including how to set up clandestine meetings, how to follow an agent or detect if one was being followed, and how to conduct an interrogation. This training was held in Richmond, Virginia, on the streets of the city, and in a local hotel.

Betty left Week 1 with her head down, cover blown.

Week 2 took place at the Williard family estate in Fairfax, Virginia, in the family’s historic mansion. There Betty underwent several psychological evaluations and tests designed to measure her abilities to work undercover, keep her cover identity separate from her own, and maintain her bearing under pressure.

After week two she wryly commented that she knew 1) she was not a leader, 2) she would be a total failure as a commander, and 3) she could never figure out how to split her personality.

Week 3 really sealed the deal for Betty. This capstone training took place at the Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland and included training in special skills like arson, mine laying, and small arms, plus knife skills. Once Betty nearly shot her instructor and chewed up the fairways in her first and only encounter with a Thompson submachine gun, she retreated to the clubhouse with her friends.

There were the two pieces of equipment she was most familiar with: a printing press and a radio. But she passed the training and went on to serve in both India and China with distinction.

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There were undoubtedly dozens more training sites and office locations in the Washington, D.C. area.

Marion Frieswick created one of the first topographic maps used for intelligence purposes in a makeshift office upstairs in Ford’s Theater.

Stephanie Czech and her contemporaries in counterintelligence undoubtedly went through some combination of training requirements at sites A-C.

A number of these sites can still be visited.

Navy Hill is closed to the public, although the former OSS Headquarters is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Williard family estate in Fairfax was demolished in 1958 to make way for the construction of Dulles National Airport.

The Congressional Country Club is a members only location but the damage to the fairways and greens caused by Betty and her fellows is long gone.

However, many of the buildings and training areas in now Prince William Forest Park are available to visit when the park is open.

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Transitions and Change

The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) stood up in June 1942, a free-wheeling organization that had two main branches – operations and intelligence. By November 1944, ‘Wild Bill’ Donovan’s organization was robust, with 13,000 members assigned, some military, some civilian, some seconded from other agencies. It was a group of diverse talents, immense responsibilities, and daunting missions. There were nearly 4,000 women in the OSS, in all branches. Over 900 were deployed overseas.

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In early 1944, Virginia Hall was in London, having just experienced a harrowing escape from the Nazis while working with the British Special Operating Executive in France. 

She wanted to go back. The Brits thought it too dangerous. 

Then, as the OSS came calling, she quickly agreed to the transfer. 

She returned to France, disguised as an old woman with gray hair and filed-down teeth, shuffling along to hide the fact she was dragging a 14-pound wooden leg. 

Hall was a special operator, training resistance fighters and leading them in battle—her time with the organization ended when the war was over. 

She joined the CIA in 1947 but resigned a year later. She found the new organization a disappointment. 

But she couldn’t stay away, returning to the agency in 1950. She was reassigned as an analyst, but her operational days were over.

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Virginia Hall received the Distinguished Service Medal, the U.S. Army’s second-highest award for heroism from Gen. Donovan on September 23, 1945, just days before the OSS was disestablished.

While Hall was not a spy, Betty McIntosh was closer to that mark. But her work was in the directorate of “Morale Operations,” and her specialties were propaganda, psychological operations, and deception. 

Betty served in India and China, where she directed a number of operations designed to degrade the Japanese army’s morale and fighting capability. 

Her service, too, ended at the conclusion of the war, and she returned home with her husband Richard Heppner. 

Heppner went to work in the Pentagon while Betty spent some time with Voice of America and later with Glamour magazine. But the work wasn’t satisfying, and she grew restless. 

When her husband passed away in 1958, she visited CIA director Allen Dulles and asked to serve. She happily once again assumed undercover work, but she never revealed what she did in her second career.

On the intelligence side, Marion Frieswyk was a cartographer with the Cartography Division, a part of the Research and Analysis Directorate. 

She and her team, including her future husband Henry, created the first maps to be used for intelligence purposes. 

Their topographic maps helped Gen. Eisenhower and military planners decide routes and the ways and means of conducting the most significant operations of the war—Operation Husky, Sicily and Operation Overlord, Normandy. 

At the war’s end, her branch, along with the rest of the directorate, was temporarily transferred to the State Department where they would remain until July 1947. The remainder of OSS intelligence was then under the purview of the War Department.

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Many organizations were downsized, eliminated entirely, or disestablished as WWII drew to a close.

In October 1945, President Truman issued an executive order that terminated the existence of the OSS. By December, only 2,000 staffers remained in the former 13,000-member organization.

The reason for the abrupt dismissal was clear.

General Donovan was unsuccessful in convincing President Truman that the organization should continue in peacetime and that he was the right man to lead it.

It took until 1947 for President Truman to establish the Central Intelligence Agency.

In 1953, Allen Dulles, a former OSS agent in Switzerland, assumed the job of director. His brother, John Foster Dulles was named to head the State Department in 1953.

Its tenure may have been short-lived, but the OSS had a huge impact on intelligence gathering and numerous operations successes during the war.

The influence of the OSS continues to this day.

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Darkness Before Dawn: NYC’s 1941 Holiday Season

A dark holiday season arrived early in New York City that year. It was December 1941, and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had just occurred three weeks earlier. 

Everyone was on edge. Even Mae Foley, a New York Policewoman and mother of two grown daughters. What did the future hold for them? What did it hold for them all?

That Sunday, December 7th, Mae heard the breaking news announcements on the radio in her kitchen. 

She had had a foreboding of war ever since she was called to serve undercover investigating the Nazi movement in New York a few years earlier. But that day, she knew the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor would provide the impetus for the U.S. to be drawn into the war. On all fronts.

Her first thought was to worry about her daughters. Next, she wondered if she would be called in to work. 

After all, the New York Police Department was in charge of coordinating civil defense for the city. By dusk that chilly December day, the city was dark, and even the lights of Broadway shut down. 

Mae Foley drew the curtains and wondered what would come next.

Earlier that year, in March 1941, nearby Fort Totten was established as one of four commands designated to defend against potential enemy attacks on the United States. 

While charged with responsibility for the entire Atlantic coastline, little more happened until Christmas Eve. With the U.S. entry into World War II on December 8th, the headquarters became active, exercising command and control of all aircraft, and fighting assets from Maine to Florida.

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Mae was most familiar with the 62nd Coastal Artillery. It had been stationed at Fort Totten since 1922 and became the first anti-aircraft unit that December. 

Located on Willets Point Peninsula on Long Island’s north shore, it was primarily responsible for the defense of New York City and Long Island. Another anti-aircraft battery was set at Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn. Another set up in Rockaway Park in Queens. 

Mae was comforted to know that if there should be an attack that her city was well protected.

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Just a week after Pearl Harbor, practice blackouts began in the city. 

Mae didn’t find them comforting at all. It was too dark and in the quiet she found herself listening intently for the sound of planes. Enemy planes.

It was a quiet Christmas with her girls that year. 

They all looked forward to the new year and good news. But it was going to be a long time until the first victory parade in New York.

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The post Darkness Before Dawn: NYC’s 1941 Holiday Season appeared first on Benson's ReView.

Pressure is a Privilege

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From my November 2023 Newsletter:

In September I was watching commentary on the U.S. Open when a broadcaster repeated a quote from tennis great Billie Jean King. 

He said she often remarked, “Pressure is a privilege.”

I was immediately struck by those words because I knew exactly what she meant. 

If King, one of the greatest tennis players of all time, wasn’t feeling pressure then she wasn’t being challenged by her opponents—challenged at the highest levels of the game, challenged to rise to the occasion, challenged to play her best and win. 

If Billie Jean King wasn’t feeling pressure as the #1 player in the world, wasn’t aware that numbers of younger players were hungry for her titles and record—39 Grand Slam titles—12 in singles, 16 in women’s doubles, and 11 in mixed doubles then she wouldn’t play her best. 

Pressure means rising to the moment. It is a privilege because there actually is a moment. 

Mae Foley undoubtedly felt pressure from both her peers and her superiors while serving as one of very few women in the New York Police Department in the period from 1923 – 1945. Not to mention the pressure and lack of respect from the criminal elements as well. 

But she knew exactly why she was there and what her mission was—to protect and defend the victims of crime—the lost and abandoned, the runaways, the assaulted and the scammed—children and young girls—some her daughters’ ages. 

She was there for them. It drove her to do her best every day, to rise to the moment and meet the need.

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Did she actually work to challenge the patriarchy in the Department? 

If simply by serving and doing her job, then yes. Of course she did. 

But she had no desire to wade into the morass of NYPD politics. She wasn’t interested in a promotion, a title or a higher-grade detective rank. She’d seen too many others run afoul of the NYPD and city leadership simply by publicly commenting on one topic or another, or even voicing an opinion on a political issue. 

Those who were perceived to be ‘not team players’ were demoted or transferred. Some were disciplined. 

Mae saw that happen to the Director of the Policewomen’s Bureau and to several detectives. 

Sometimes it was hard to tell what the official stance was on a variety of public safety issues. The NYPD’s leadership changed often, sometimes faster than the city could hold elections for mayor. That revolving door seemed dizzying to Mae. 

Without question, she did her job. And she did it well.

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Mae recognized she was privileged to be in the position she was in—to have earned the public’s trust in serving her community, and to have the respect of the men in her precinct. 

For many years she was the only policewoman assigned to the 108th Precinct in Queens. Even in retirement Mae Foley continued to serve. 

By then, she was comfortable speaking out about better pay and benefits for police and firemen. Her advocacy made a difference.

To Mae Foley, the pressure was as much internal as external.

Every day she gave her best and remained steadfast in her beliefs and her commitment. She was true to the Department’s motto:  Fidelis ad Mortem—Faithful Unto Death.

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The post Pressure is a Privilege appeared first on Benson's ReView.

History Matters

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From my October 2023 Newsletter:

In just two weeks, I’ll be in Phoenix, Arizona, where I will be privileged to receive the Historian of the Year Award for 2023 from Historic Hotels of America, part of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Historic Hotels presents this award annually to “An individual for making a unique contribution in the research and presentation of history and whose work has encouraged a wide, if not provocative, discussion and greater understanding of the history and the diverse heritages and cultures of our nation and the world.”

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That is a pretty heady statement. I’ve not considered myself a historian.

I write about people whose stories have been overlooked and mostly forgotten but are nonetheless significant. As renowned WWI British historian Lyn Macdonald said, her chronicling of long-overlooked stories had explored a “great, unhewn seam of memory and information on the war.”

These stories are necessary to complete our understanding of the time, whether the World War I period or World War II.

Yet, I have learned three major lessons in researching these stories.

First, history does not occur in separate, discrete blocks of time. We may study it this way—like World War II, the Postwar Period, the Great Depression, etc…

But it doesn’t happen that way—not with clear dividing lines separating one era or block from another. The past is one endless flowing stream of interconnected events and people, cultures and societies.

The lesson is that time does not constrain but connects events, the places where events occur, and not the people living at the time, but their disparate legacies connect generations—movements, social changes, developments in education, achievements in the sciences and more.

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I’ve discovered it is, at times, easy to alter our understanding of the flow of history by what media, authors, teachers, and others highlight in their reporting and analysis of events.

Interpretations are subject to omissions and perhaps bias, conscious or not.

I also found that women who served in WWII were unable to discuss their contributions, many of them for security reasons.

Others felt limited by the cultural constraints of the time. The Greatest Generation was a modest one. “I just did my bit,” many would say. Their modesty unwittingly conspired to help their stories remain on the sidelines.

No more.

At last, the contributions of the 6888 Central Postal Battalion are being celebrated and its veterans held up as the role models they are.

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Retired Master Sergeant Elizabeth Helm-Frazier touches the likeness of Lieutenant Colonel Charity Adams Earley on the monument honoring the all-female, all African-American 6888 Central Postal Directory Battalion. November 29, 2018. U.S. Army photo.

Others continue to take their rightful places as trailblazers. But we will have to work to remember them.

Absent that commitment, the final lesson I learned is that forever is not always forever.

My great grandfather’s will specified that his gravesite be cared for ‘in perpetuity.’ That lasted for two generations until the money ran out. I only learned about his bequest through genealogy research.

We name bridges and highways, schools and post offices for significant figures from our times.

Yet, memories diminish over time, and often those who were once honored are now nothing more than a name on a plaque. The plaques tarnish, the pictures fade and the cemetery becomes neglected. We tend to forget quickly.

Historic Hotels of America understands the importance of these stories—people and the places where events occurred that are central to our history.

This unique organization preserves, through dedicated attention and focus, the legacy of those who built this nation—their achievements, ingenuity, and, yes, even their mistakes.

By visiting these properties and learning more about their role in our shared history, we understand more about the flow and continuity of our past, and the possibilities for our future.

I’m grateful to be part of it all.

Enjoyed this post? Get my newsletter delivered to your inbox so you don’t miss the next one! I send out one mailing a month most months and promise zero spam.

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The post History Matters appeared first on Benson's ReView.

The Right to Vote

August 26th is nationally recognized as Women’s Equality Day, recalling that day in 1920 when the 19th amendment was certified to the Constitution, recognizing women’s right to vote.

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In 1920, Mae Foley was thirty-four years old, married, with two young children, and yearning for a career with the New York Police Department.

She’d married young, just out of high school, and worked in a settlement house providing services and assistance to immigrants to the city for several years.

During the war, she saw that there was a need for women to serve in the Department.

There were runaways in the street, and Mae saw a pressing need to care for those women and children—whether abandoned, lost, or otherwise in need of help. The mayor and police commissioner saw their growing city changing rapidly.

They agreed.

In 1918, New York state law provided for appointing six women as “emergency policewomen” due to the wartime workforce shortage. More were appointed during 1918 and 1919.

The need for support extended beyond the hiring of emergency policewomen, though. Mae was a natural recruiter, organizing membership drives, hosting events, and helping to recruit more than 2,000 new volunteers for the Women’s Police Reserve.

They didn’t get paid, but they did have sharp-looking uniforms.

Mae enjoyed the social aspects of the recruiting effort and the opportunity to meet more people and persuade them to support the cause.

She spent time near the Navy yard looking for young girls needing assistance and watched for spies on the subway.

Later, she became part of the Broadway squad, patrolling the streets to ensure they were safe for those attending plays and social events in the heart of Manhattan.

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One of Mae’s colleagues, Captain Edith Pitkin, with the Women’s Police Reserve in 1918

But the police reserve was fading in importance by 1920, and Mae was more than ready to make her service with the NYPD permanent and, perhaps just as important, a paid service. 

She wanted to apply. 

On May 4, 1920, NYS Law Chapter 705 abolished the Department’s old job of “matron” and officially created the rank of Policewoman. 

Mae’s goal was now a reality.

It took a couple of more years before she and her husband, John, felt their daughters were old enough to manage after school alone while both parents worked. 

John was a washing machine repairman, but with Mae’s influence and her many contacts, he was able to get a job as a security officer with a department store.

And Mae won her gold shield as a policewoman in 1923. She was on her way. 

As the child of Irish and French immigrants, she grew up understanding the importance of America’s freedoms, its appeal to the hundreds of thousands who poured into the city every year of her childhood, and how that influx rapidly changed the culture of her hometown. 

Her father had earned his citizenship. Her mother never did. After all, she wasn’t able to vote, she’d tell Mae. So, what difference did it make?

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An early policewoman directing traffic.

Voting made all the difference to Mae. 

She participated in every election, studied the candidates and their platforms, and never took her right to vote for granted. 

She was active in off-duty organizations that supported various candidates. She knew, too, the significance of Constitution Day, September 17th, the anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution as the bedrock of American democracy.

Mae Foley knew what it meant, ensuring the government fulfilled its charter without violating the rights of its citizens. 

In retirement, she became a lobbyist. Not in the sense that we think of lobbying today. But she was very busy indeed advocating for better pay and benefits for fire and policemen and women. A regular at the table, the Borough President in Queens grew to expect her at every meeting. 

She understood the importance of her democratic freedoms and rights. And Mae Foley exercised them all.

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Retired Army Major General Who Writes About Unheralded Women Wins Historian of the Year Award

A retired Army major general with at least seven books to her name is receiving an honorific as a historian, based on her post-military work aimed at increasing awareness about notable women.

Mari K. Eder was announced Wednesday as the winner of the historian of the year award presented annually by Historic Hotels of America, an affiliate of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Eder will receive the award at a ceremony in October.

The honor recognizes people whose work “has encouraged a wide, if not provocative, discussion and greater understanding of the history and the diverse heritages and cultures of our nation and the world,” the organization said in a statement Wednesday.

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Major General Mari K. Eder (U.S. Army, Retired) Named the Recipient of the 2023 Historic Hotels of America® Historian of the Year Award

WASHINGTON—()—Historic Hotels of America® is pleased to announce that Major General Mari K. Eder (U.S. Army, Retired) has been named the recipient of the 2023 Historic Hotels of America Historian of the Year Award. Major General Mari K. Eder (U.S. Army, Retired) Named the Recipient of the 2023 Historic Hotels of America® Historian of the Year Award.

This award is presented to an individual for making a unique contribution in the research, and presentation of history and whose work has encouraged a wide, if not provocative, discussion and greater understanding of the history and the diverse heritages and cultures of our nation and the world. Historic Hotels of America is the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation for recognizing and celebrating the finest Historic Hotels in the United States of America.

The 2023 Historic Hotels of America Historian of the Year Award will be presented in October to Major General Mari K. Eder (U.S. Army, Retired) at the 2023 Historic Hotels Awards of Excellence Ceremony and Gala at The Wigwam in Litchfield Park, Arizona, in front of an audience of owners, general managers, and other senior decision-makers representing many of the finest historic hotels from across the United States of America and from around the world. The Wigwam, originally opened to guests in 1929 by The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, is an award-winning Arizona resort that offers an unparalleled experience, combining over a century of hospitality, southwestern charm, casual luxury, and rich history.

The Historic Hotels of America Historian of the Year Award recognizes the extensive achievements of Mari K. Eder as an American historian. Mari K. Eder, retired U.S. Army Major General, is a renowned speaker and author, and a thought leader on strategic communication and leadership. She served in senior positions in the Pentagon, in the Department of Defense, and on the Army Staff. General Eder is the former Commanding General of the U.S. Army Reserve Joint and Special Troops Support Command, former Deputy Chief of the Army Reserve, and former Deputy Chief of Public Affairs for the U.S. Army. As a civilian, Mari K. Eder has served as Director of Public Affairs at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Germany, and as an adjunct professor and lecturer in communications and public diplomacy at the NATO School and Sweden’s International Training Command. When not writing, lecturing, or traveling, Mari K. Eder works with rescue groups and fosters rescue dogs.

As a historian, Major General Mari K. Eder is the author of award-winning The Girls Who Stepped Out of Line: Untold Stories of the Women Who Changed the Course of WWII (Sourcebooks, 2021). The Girls Who Stepped Out of Line takes readers inside the lives and experiences of 15 unknown women heroes from the Greatest Generation, the women who served, fought, struggled, and made things happen during WWII—in and out of uniform, for theirs is a legacy destined to embolden generations of women to come. Despite their amazing accomplishments, they have gone mostly unheralded and unrewarded. General Eder authored this book because she knew their stories needed to be told. Of the book, actor and humanitarian Gary Sinise said, “Major General (Ret.) Mari K. Eder has without a doubt elevated my sense of gratitude even higher. The stories of extraordinary courage, service, and sacrifice by the women she highlights in this book, and all others who served similarly yet have not had their stories told, should inspire all who read this to be grateful Americans as well!” Colonel (Ret.) Edna W. Cummings, U.S. Army Six Triple Eight Advocate/Producer, wrote of Eder’s work to explain how, “This book fills a historic void about Lieutenant Colonel Charity Adams and others who stepped out of line to succeed, because the “lines” did not support race, gender, or mission. Their moral courage and leadership knocked down many barriers within the military and beyond.” Admiral James Stavridis, USN Supreme Allied Commander at NATO (Ret.) said of the book, “A fascinating page-turner about a mostly forgotten contingent of people―women who willingly stepped ‘out of line’ to contribute to the Allied victory in WWII. It is a fresh set of gripping stories, from world tennis champ Alice Marble to far less well-known heroines. Each story is moving and deeply inspirational.”

Mari K. Eder’s second book in the Girls series features groundbreaking policewomen: The Girls Who Fought Crime: The Untold True Story of the Country’s First Female Investigator and Her Crime Fighting Squad was released in August 2023 (Sourcebooks). The Girls Who Fought Crime presents an inspiring feminist tale of a woman who dedicated her entire life to the New York Police Department, upending the patriarchy and the status quo for women working in public service. The publisher describes it as an exciting and superbly researched story of a trailblazer who courageously dedicated her life to public service, with the added tagline, “Corsets, Crime, and the Woman to Change Modern Policing Forever.” Colonel Kirk G. Warner (U.S. Army, Retired), Judge Advocate and Special Prosecutor, author of Zone of Action and A Hoot in Hell’s Island, described the new book as, “A pistol-packing tale of Mae Foley’s dramatic and inspirational dedication to public service in the NYPD. Mari K. Eder has given us a wonderfully detailed and dramatic tribute to a remarkable one-woman crime-fighting squad who busted barriers and criminals, mashed a few heads, and opened the door for generations of policewomen to follow. An essential history of the indominable American spirit.”

Mari K. Eder has also been published in TIME magazine, The Hill, USA Today, and other publications. Previously, she authored four other books, including Leading the Narrative: The Case for Strategic Communication (published 2011), American Cyberscape: Trials and the Path to Trust (published 2020), and two children’s books.

“We are honored to recognize Mari K. Eder for her work as an author and historian, especially in increasing the awareness about noteworthy women, but often unrecognized for their significant accomplishments, that made a made a major contribution to our nation’s history,” said Lawrence P. Horwitz, Executive Vice President of Historic Hotels of America and Historic Hotels Worldwide. “This award recognizes many accomplishments of Mari K. Eder throughout her career: her contribution as a thought leader on strategic communication and leadership, and her work as an author to increase the recognition, insights, and introspection about the history the United States of America.”

“I am humbled and excited to be named 2023 Historian of the Year by Historic Hotels of America. It is inspiring to witness how this unique organization preserves our history and promotes learning about people, places, and events that have shaped our world today. Understanding history gives meaning to our lives,” said Mari K. Eder.

Tickets for the 2023 Historic Hotels Awards of Excellence Ceremony and Gala are available. The 2023 Historic Hotels Awards of Excellence Ceremony and Gala will take place at The Wigwam in Litchfield Park, Arizona, on Thursday, October 12, 2023, at 7 pm. Ceremony and Gala Tickets are $500. To register for the Ceremony and Gala ONLY, click here. To register for the 2023 Historic Hotels Annual Conference, held October 9-12 and ending with the 2023 Historic Hotels Awards of Excellence Ceremony and Gala, click here.

About Historic Hotels of America®

Historic Hotels of America® is the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation for recognizing, celebrating, and promoting the finest historic hotels in the United States of America. To be nominated and selected for membership in this prestigious program, a hotel must be at least 50 years old; designated by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior as a National Historic Landmark or listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places; and recognized as having historical significance. Of the more than 300 historic hotels inducted into Historic Hotels of America from 44 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, all historic hotels faithfully preserve their sense of authenticity, sense of place, and architectural integrity. For more information, please visit HistoricHotels.org/us.

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An Emergency Creates Opportunity

National emergencies—wars, disasters, all those things that create sudden change and deep needs—seem to drive progress in many ways.

World War I created industries to make uniforms and manufacture war materials. The need for manpower to build American military units created gaps in critical areas of society. The New York Police Department (NYPD) was one organization that by 1918 was in desperate need of manpower.

It was time to recognize the need for women to serve.

Women had been working in the NYPD since 1891, when the first women were hired. Their job: to care for women and children in police custody, whether as victims or as criminals. They also cleaned the jails and the offices. There were fifty-nine of them on the rolls by 1899, just after the consolidation of the five boroughs into a new and rapidly-growing city.

But the U.S. entry into WWI spurred the hiring of women as ‘emergency policewomen’ in 1918. They were issued shields and revolvers, but not uniforms.

The Police Reserve (both men’s and women’s units) did have uniforms, but they served primarily as an unpaid neighborhood watch group. This is the outfit that Mae Foley first joined, then helped grow.

Some women in the Police Reserve worked in police stations, typing and filing reports, freeing up the men to patrol the streets. Mae had a different assignment with the Reserve. She greatly enjoyed her job as she helped recruit others to the Reserve.

Mae was part of the Broadway Squad, patrolling the streets of the theater district and keeping them safe for theatergoers. Mae made many lifelong friends during her time with the Reserve and was always ready to return there.

Of course, there were detectives nearby to make an arrest if the women spotted any wrongdoing. Several of Mae’s colleagues actually trapped a German spy one day on the subway.

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The Broadway Squad

By the end of the war, more women were appointed as policewomen, and in 1920 the Matron rank was abolished.

Policewomen, now able to vote, were growing in numbers. 

Mae Foley saw the opportunity the changes presented and applied. By 1923 she was selected first from a list of civil service eligibles for appointment as a policewoman.

Mae Foley saw the opportunity the changes presented and applied. By 1923 she was selected first from a list of civil service eligibles for appointment as a policewoman.

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New Policewomen Join the Ranks

This is comparable to the Women’s Army Corps’ rise in World War II. 

The need for women—in support and administrative—was responsible for their recruitment, again for emergency purposes. 

But by the war’s end, President Truman recognized the significance of their contributions, and women were made a permanent part of the armed forces.

In 1930 the Police Commissioner renamed the NYPD “Women’s Bureau” as the “Policewomen’s Bureau,” with administrative oversight for the assignment of policewomen to various precincts in the city. 

In 1935 NYPD Policewomen were ordered into uniforms. The blue uniform consisted of a skirt, blouse, and garrison cap with NYPD embroidered on the side. This was later replaced with a patch featuring the NYC seal.

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Mae Foley Portrait in Her Uniform

Two months following Mae’s retirement from the force in 1946, the NYPD changed the shield to a new design. 

Mae was proud of her policewoman’s shield. In 1923 she was issued number thirty-one, a low number. She somehow later misplaced that shield and was presented with a new one by her female colleagues at her retirement party. The number of that shield was seventy-three.

In 1973 the NYPD abolished the ranks of “Patrolman” and “Policewoman” in favor of the modern term “Police Officer.” The Women’s Army Corps continued to function until it was abolished in 1978, then women were fully integrated into the Army.

When interviewed late in her career, Mae Foley compared the two organizations, stating that the duties of the women in the NYPD during the first world war were comparable to those of the WACs in World War II.

She knew how a period of rapid change could open doors and drive opportunity. And she was there to take advantage of every chance she could to serve and to advance.

Mae’s book, The Girls Who Fought Crime, will launch on August 8th. I can’t wait to share her story with an audience that will enjoy meeting her just as much as I have.

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