Inner Speech Quotes

“Lexical errors involve making mistakes such as mixing up complete words (think of a classic Spoonerism such as ‘The Lord is a shoving leopard’). In contrast, phonemic errors involve mixing up individual speech sounds (such as mistaking reef for leaf). The Illinois researchers tested this by giving participants four-word tongue-twisters (such as lean reed reef leech) to recite either aloud or in inner speech, stopping to report any errors they made (for example, saying leaf instead of reef). The tongue-twisters had been carefully generated to allow the researchers to manipulate lexical (word) and phonemic (sound) similarity. The data showed that both kinds of error occurred in overt speech, but only lexical errors happened in inner speech.”
― Charles Fernyhough, The Voices Within