Kathy Joseph's Blog

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Misconceptions in Deriving the Poynting Vector: History and Physics

Before I get started, I feel that I should warn you that this video is VERY fast and dense with high level physics. I basically go through the physics as if you were students in an advanced physics course on Electricity and Magnetism at an elite university. I am not saying that to discourage anyone from watching this video, only to warn you so that you don’t feel overwhelmed. What I would advise if you are interested, and I hope you are interested, is to watch the video just to get an overview o...

The (Shocking) History & Physics of Electric Transformers

History of electric transformers from Faraday through Lenz, Sturgeon, Callan, Ruhmkorff, Gaulard, Westinghouse and more (with a description of what Tesla did and didn’t do in the evolution of electricity).

Hello, my name is Kathy Joseph and I have done a lot of original research from 1800s papers, magazines, patents, and books to tell you the shocking history and physics of AC transformers. Now Electric transformers are very simple devices: basically they are just two coils of wire wrap...

Quaternions to Vector Analysis

by Kathy Joseph

I just finished a video on a history of the quaternions and a biography of their inventor, William Rowan Hamilton. In it, I stated, I hope pretty convincingly, that the basic features of vector algebra ALL came from Hamilton: the scalar, the vector, the dot product (or, at least the negative of the dot product), the cross product, the del function (also called the Nabla function), the divergence (or at least the negative of the divergence) and the curl all were created i...

Quaternions Are Amazing and So Was William Rowan Hamilton (their creator)

A Biography and Description of Couplets, Quaternions and the life of Hamilton

Before I get into quaternions and William Rowan Hamilton and why I think both are amazing, I would like to take a couple of minutes to go over why I ended up making this video. This video started because I was working on a detailed history of Maxwell’s equations. That history is why I learned that Maxwell used quaternions in 1873 and then Heaviside and Gibbs (and others...

Why Nikola Tesla is So Famous (and Westinghouse is not)

In January of 1912, almost 20 years after the “war of the currents” was over George Westinghouse Jr. was awarded the American Institute of Electrical Engineer’s highest honor, the Edison Award, for “the development of the alternating-current system for light and power.”[1] In his introduction, the influential and delightful scientist Michael Pupin, said how great it was that “the alternating-current system …is now an almost universally adopted system, and the medal named after the man Edison who...

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JJ Thompson’s Discovery of Electron: Cathode Ray Tube Experiment Explained

JJ Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 and there are tons of videos about it.  However, most videos miss what JJ Thomson himself said was the motivating factor: a debate about how cathode rays move.  Want to know not only how but why electrons were discovered?

Table of ContentsThe Start of JJ ThomsonHow Thomson Discovered Electrons: Trials and ErrorsThomson’s ConclusionReferencesThe Start of JJ Thomson

A short history of Thomson: Joseph John Thomso...

The Physics of How X-rays were Discovered

There are quite a few videos about how Roentgen discovered the x-ray, but most really skimp on the physics.  What was he doing, why was he doing it, how did he discover the medical x-ray and why did he (correctly) conclude that he had found a high energy invisible light?

Table of ContentsThe Start: Cathode RaysRoentgen’s Discovery: How X-rays WorkReferencesThe Start: Cathode Rays

It all started on the night of November 8th of 1895.  According to Roentgen, ...

The Physics behind the Current War: Edison, Tesla, & Westinghouse (AC vs. DC)

In the late 1800s there was a battle between different types of electricity, alternating and direct, that was called the war of the currents, (now a major motion picture starting my boyfriend Benedict Cumberbatch).  There are thousands of videos about this conflict but this is the first, as far as I know, that covers the actual Physics of their debate as well as the crazy horse-killing history. 

Table of ContentsAlternating CurrentHow a Transformer WorksThe Westingh...