Status Updates From Brain of the Firm (Classic ...

Utmärkt översikt över risker med olika organisationssätt.

OBS scenariobygge är en del av funktion 4.

potentiality: This is what we ought to be doing by developing our resources and removing constraints, although still operating within the bounds of what is already known to be feasible.

actuality: This is simply what we are managing to do now, with existing resources, under existing constraints.

capability: This is what we could be doing (still right now) with existing resources, under existing constraints, if we really worked at it.

del 3

Pseudohädnelser som reaktion på en störd miljö. Exemplet skengraviditeter bland enkönade råttgrupper.

Subsidier har egna problem och kontakter med omvärlden - jämför det biologiska perspektivet

Så här långt påminns jag om den första delen av Leviathan. En lång och onödig genomgång av biologi för att etablera författarens metaforer.

Genomgång av modellen, del 2

This higher-order, other-language system would experiment with the fluctuating outputs of the first system, and produce new outputs in the other plane. Feedback from there (compared with some other-plan criteria) would establish the meaning of ‘better’ and ‘worse’ for the first system.

Then suppose the control system has become so effective, and has learnt so well, that it is now ‘more intelligent’ than we are. Perhaps we shall no longer be clever enough to specify these other-language criteria that it should use. We may no longer understand what they are. In that case there must be another control system, using the output of the first system as input, and operating in another plane.

We shall say what is a better and what a worse result, but the computer has to determine a better strategy, a better control system, than we ourselves know. And of course it can do it. Because its algorithm, what it is programmed to do, specifies an heuristic.

Suppose we say: ‘The computer must learn from its own experience, as do we ourselves.” Learn what? We do not know; what we meant was that the computer must find out over a period, by trial and error, the courses of action which lead to better results of control.

Komplexa system blir självreglerande

Vikten av binära svar

This is a vitally important application of Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety, which says that control can be obtained only if the variety of the controller (and in this case of all the parts of the controller) is at least as great as the variety of the situation to be controlled.

In cybernetics, the number of distinguishable items (or distinguishable states of some item) is called the ‘variety’. So we may sum up by saying that the output variety must (at least) match the input variety for the system as a whole, and for the input arrangement and the output arrangement considered separately.

input - output - network in between

I ett verkligt system kan vi inte urskilja stimuli tydligt - mellan olika individer.

Sensoriummodellen - det medvetna får stimulus - undvik eller sök?

The first principle of control is that the controller is part of the system under control.