Operation Dragoon, 15 August 1944, and Convoy SM 1C
The assault ship Empire Elaine on the Cyde in 1943 during her refit in preparation for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily in July of that year.
'Operation Dragoon' was the codename for the Allied landings in the south of France on 15 August 1944, a massive naval and airborne assault that served as the counterpart to the Normandy landings a little over two months earlier. The assault was primarily a US operation, with most of the troops landed around Cavalaire Bay being from three US divisions, but many of the assault and supply ships and their escorts were British. The thousands of British merchant and Royal Navy seamen who took part in Operation Dragoon qualified for the Italy Star, a campaign medal awarded to seamen for participation in seaborne assaults in the Mediterranean from the invasion of Sicily in July 1943 to the end of the war.
One of the merchant seamen who took part in Operation Dragoon was my grandfather, Captain Lawrance Wilfred Gibbins, as Second Officer of the L.S.C. (Landing Ship Carrier) Empire Elaine, a specialised assault ship built in 1942 for the transport of landing craft. I wrote a few blogs back about the twenty month voyage she undertook from 1943-44 that encompassed not only Operation Dragoon but also Operation Husky (the Sicily landings in 1943) and the supply of landing craft for the Burma campaign in the Bay of Bengal. This blog is a more detailed presentation of the primary source material that traces my grandfather and Empire Elaine's involvement in Operation Dragoon. I've researched this over the years since talking about it at length to my grandfather before his death in 1986, and I thought it might be useful for anyone else intent on discovering records of a merchant seaman's involvement in this operation.
My first port of call was my grandfather's personal logbook. On the page opposite you can see all of his voyages through the war, including two, numbers 30 and 31, as Second Officer of Empire Elaine, from 27 October 1942 until his transfer to Clan Campbell on 25 October 1944. On the page below you can see the full details of ports and distances for the second of those voyages, number 31, beginning at Glasgow on the Clyde - on 24 June 1943 - and ending in Bombay with his transfer to Clan Campbell. In the third column you can see all of the ship's movements associated with Operation Dragoon, from Port Said in Egypt to Augusta in Sicily, from August to Naples, from Naples to Cavalaire Bay and then from there to Ajaccio in Corsica and back to Naples, before the ship returned south and east across the Mediterranean to Port Said.
My next step was to go to the UK National Archives at Kew to find his 'C.R.S. 10' record and the Ship Movement Cards for Empire Elaine. The C.R.S. 10 record - the letters stand for 'Central Registry of Seamen' - was established in 1941 to record details of merchant seamen's employment during the war. The Ship Movement Cards, now digitised and downloadable from the National Archives, were instituted at the outbreak of war to provide a basic record of ship movements at a time when ship's masters were prohibited from keeping their normal peacetime records and ship's logs, for reasons of national security. The cards often don't include all of a ship's ports of call in a voyage and in the case of ships involved in assault convoys they don't include the destination, as that was top secret - so I knew that the Ship Movement Cards would contain less detail related to Operation Dragoon than my grandfather included in his personal log.
The image opposite is his C.R.S. 10 record covering the war years from the institution of the record in 1941. It shows that he joined Empire Elaine first on 9 November 1942 for a nine-day voyage to Birkenhead, where he immediately re-engaged for her first overseas voyage - his voyage 30 - returning to Glasgow on 19 March 1943. It then shows that he immediately re-engaged and remained with her until transferring to Clan Campbell on 26 October 1944 (the place of engagement with Clan Campbell is stated as Liverpool for administrative purposes, as the engagement of all officers in his shipping line who transferred to another ship overseas was officially registered in one of their UK home ports; as his log shows, he joined Clan Campbell from Empire Elaine in Madras, the presence of Clan Campbell in Madras on 26 October 1944 being shown on her Ship Movement Card).
The second image is the Ship Movement Card for Empire Elaine from 1944 covering her involvement in Operation Dragoon (her name is altered on the card to John Lyras, her new name after being sold in 1947). You can see a sequence of ports that matches my grandfather's log: departure from Port Said on 3 August, and then arrival at Augusta in Sicily on 8 August, at Ajaccio in Corsica on 16 August, at Naples on 28 August, and at Naples again on 29 August. What is missing - and what should never be on a Ship Movement Card - is any detail of her voyage between 8 and 16 August, when I know from my grandfather's log that she sailed to Cavalaire Bay and was part of Operation Dragoon. Even without his log it would be a near certainty that a specialised assault ship, designed for carrying landing craft, arriving the day after the invasion at Ajaccio - a staging port for ships returning from the invasion zone - would have been part of the Operation Dragoon assault convoys.
The website convoyweb, based largely on the research of Lt-Cdr Arnold Hague, RNR, contains a huge database of ships and convoys during the war, including a searchable ship index that shows Empire Elaine to have been part of assault convoy SM 1C from Naples to Operation Dragoon. My research has only ever confirmed the reliability of that database, including the research set out here. However, it is a secondary source with no citation of primary sources and can therefore only only be used as a guide. I was intent on discovering primary sources - official war diaries and operation reports, in particular - that would provide authoritative documentation of Empire Elaine's involvement in that convoy, and if possible provide more detail to flesh out her activities on those days.
My breakthrough came with the discovery of recently declassified material from the US National Archives related to Operation Dragoon. A large number of these declassified Second World War documents can now be seen online at fold3. The four documents reproduced below provide precisely the primary documentation that I was after. The first is in the Report of the Naval Commander, Western Task Force, Commander 8th Fleet, entitled The Invasion of Southern France, filed on 15 November 1944 (File A 16-3, Serial 01568). It details the composition of Alpha Attack Force, listing Empire Elaine:
The second is from the Report of Amphibious Operations conducted against the enemy by units of Alpha Red Assault Group, in southern France, during the period 9 August 1944 - 25 August 1944, filed on 1 October 1944. The page contains the report from 21 August of USS LST 265, and includes a complete list of the vessels in Convoy SM 1B, including Empire Elaine, their arrival time at the landing zone and their mission:
The third from the War Diary of USS SC-695, describing her duty from 12-15 August escorting the convoy from Naples to Cavalaire Bay to the final assault hour, listing Empire Elaine:
The fourth, from the Report of Operations, Task Group 80.6, of 17 August 1944, includes Empire Elaine in the list of ships comprising Convoy CRM-3 escorted from the landing zone to Ajaccio in Corsica following the landings:
Red Beach, Cavalaire Bay, Operation Dragoon, 15 August 1944. A view taken from a British-manned landing craft.
These documents corroborate everything in my grandfather's log and allow the partial picture in the Ship Movement Card to be fully understood. Following her departure from Augusta in Sicily on 8 August 1944, Empire Elaine sailed to Naples and there joined Convoy SM 1B, part of 'Alpha Attack Force' under Rear Admiral Lowry, USN. The convoy included numerous L.S.T.s as well as other British and American assault and supply ships, with Empire Elaine being the only LSC. The convoy arrived in the assault area at 0400 on 15 August, with the final assault phase underway by 0455. The assault sector for this convoy was Cavalaire Bay, including 'Red Beach'. After offloading her landing craft, Empire Elaine joined convoy CRM-3 to Ajaccio in Corsica, having successfully completed her second assault landing in the Mediterranean theatre, her first having been Operation Husky off Sicily thirteen months earlier. Operation Dragoon was not, however, to be her last - almost seven months later and several thousand miles away she was delivering landing craft at Chittagong close the Burmese border for use in further assaults, along the Arakan coast against the Japanese.
Red Beach sector, Cavalaire Bay, Operation Dragoon, 15 August 1944. Another view from the same sequence as the previous image showing British-manned landing craft making their way to shore. These are LCMs (Landing Craft Mechanized), and since Empire Elaine was the only specialised LCM carrier in Convoy SM 1C these could well have been among the LCMs that she transported to the landings.
Empire Elaine was part of 'Alpha Force', off Cavalaire and St Tropez. Red Beach was in the south-west part of this sector within Cavalaire Bay towards Cap Negre.
