Trey'von Knowles's Blog, page 28

Palestine Chess Board

  

Palestine Chess Board by Trey Knowles 

Note: A person who works in the field for resources is called a prostitute, who interacts with different spirits to exchange for favors. 

The US and UN Arms Embargo:  

The most important result of State Department opposition to the Zionist project was the imposition, in November 1947, of an embargo on arms to the Jews in Palestine and to the Arab states.  

 

The 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine was the first phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war. It broke out after the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption of the Partition Plan for Palestine. 

During the civil war, the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine clashed (the latter supported by the Arab Liberation Army) while the British, who had the obligation to maintain order, organized their withdrawal and intervened only on an occasional basis. 

At the end of the civil war phase of the war, from April 1948 to mid-May, Zionist forces embarked on an offensive (Plan Dalet) that involved conquering cities and territories in Palestine allocated to a future Jewish state, as well as those allocated to the corpus separatum of Jerusalem and a future Arab state according to the 1947 Partition plan for Palestine. This offensive greatly accelerated the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, which was effected by various violent means, including a number of massacres such as the widely publicized Deir Yassin massacre. 

When the British Mandate of Palestine ended on 14 May 1948, and with the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, the surrounding Arab states—Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, and Syria—invaded what had just ceased to be Mandatory Palestine, and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The conflict thus escalated and became the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. 

 

 

Palestine Chess Board Continues:  

 Under the control of a British administration since 1920, Palestine found itself the object of a battle between Palestinian and Zionist nationalists, groups that opposed both the British mandate and one another. 

David Lloyd George who the leader of Britain in 1920. He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922. Lloyd George was a Liberal Party politician from Wales. 

 

The Palestinian opposition culminated in the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, a deadly civil conflict that saw the deaths of nearly 5,000 Palestinian Arabs and 500 Jews, and resulted in much of the Palestinian political leadership, including Amin al-Husseini, leader of the Arab Higher Committee, being driven into exile. Britain also reduced Jewish immigration in response to the violence, as legislated by the 1939 White Paper. 

After World War II and The Holocaust, the Zionist movement gained attention and sympathy. In Mandatory Palestine, Zionist groups fought against the British administration. In the two and a half years from 1945 to June 1947, British law enforcement forces lost 103 dead, and sustained 391 wounded from Jewish militants. 

The Palestinian Arab nationalists reorganized themselves, but their organization remained inferior to that of the Zionists. 

On 15 August 1947, the Haganah blew up the house of a Palestinian family near Petah Tikva killing twelve occupants, including a woman and six children. After November 1947, the dynamiting of houses formed a key component of most Haganah strikes. 

Diplomacy failed to reconcile the different points of view concerning the future of Palestine. In early November, The Haganah began mobilizing for war, and issued an order that all men in the age range between 17 and 25 register. On 18 February 1947, the British announced their withdrawal from the region and on 29 November, the General Assembly of the United Nations voted to recommend the adoption and implementation of the partition plan with the support of the big global powers, though it was opposed by the Arab States. 

 

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

 Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by Trey Knowles: 

 Note: What the United States did was truly ungodly. Their wickedness cannot be justified.  

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. The bombings killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people, families and kids, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict. Japan surrendered to the Allies on 15 August, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan and invasion of Japanese-occupied Manchuria. The Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender on 2 September, effectively ending the war. 

In the final year of World War II, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. This undertaking was preceded by a conventional bombing and firebombing campaign that devastated 64 Japanese cities, including an operation on Tokyo. The war in the European theatre concluded when Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, and the Allies turned their full attention to the Pacific War. By July 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs: "Little Boy", an enriched uranium gun-type fission weapon, and "Fat Man", a plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapon. The 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces was trained and equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and deployed to Tinian in the Mariana Islands. The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored the ultimatum. 

The consent of the United Kingdom was obtained for the bombing, as was required by the Quebec Agreement, and orders were issued on 25 July by General Thomas T. Handy, the acting chief of staff of the United States Army, for atomic bombs to be used against Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki. These targets were chosen because they were large urban areas that also held militarily significant facilities. On 6 August, a Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days later, a Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. Over the next two to four months, the effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half occurred on the first day. For months afterward, many people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. Despite Hiroshima's sizable military garrison, most of the dead were civilians. 

Scholars have extensively studied the effects of the bombings on the social and political character of subsequent world history and popular culture, and there is still much debate concerning the ethical and legal justification for the bombings. According to supporters, the atomic bombings were necessary to bring an end to the war with minimal casualties and ultimately prevented a greater loss of life on both sides; according to critics, the bombings were unnecessary for the war's end and were a war crime, raising moral and ethical implications. 

 

 

In 1945, the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year. Most Japanese military units fought fiercely, ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost. The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action. Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war, from June 1944 to June 1945.  

In December 1944, American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive. Worried by the losses sustained, President Franklin D. Roosevelt suggested the use of atomic bombs on Germany as soon as possible, but was informed the first usable atomic weapons were still months away. 

America's reserves of manpower were running out. Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened, and there was consideration of drafting women. At the same time, the public was becoming war-weary, and demanding that long-serving servicemen be sent home.

In the Pacific, the Allies returned to the Philippines, recaptured Burma, and invaded Borneo. Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville, New Guinea and the Philippines. 

In April 1945, American forces landed on Okinawa, where heavy fighting continued until June. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from five to one in the Philippines to two to one on Okinawa. Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide. Nearly 99 percent of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed. Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April to June 1945, 94 percent were killed; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered, an unprecedentedly large number. 

As the Allies advanced towards Japan, conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people. Japan's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross register tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945, and 557,000 tons in August 1945. The lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944. The civilian economy, which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war, reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945. The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet, and the 1945 catch was only 22 percent of that in 1941. The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909, and hunger and malnutrition became widespread. U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan's. By 1943, the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year, compared to Japan's production of 70,000 for the entire war. In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable, and urged him to abdicate. 

 

Atomic bomb development 

The discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries, were expressed in the Einstein–Szilard letter to Roosevelt in 1939. This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939. 

Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941, which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically-pure uranium-235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water. 

Consequently, the work was accelerated, first as a pilot program, and finally in the agreement by Roosevelt to turn the work over to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to construct the production facilities necessary to produce uranium-235 and plutonium-239. This work was consolidated within the newly created Manhattan Engineer District, which became better known as the Manhattan Project, eventually under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. 

The work of the Manhattan Project took place at dozens of sites across the United States, and even some outside of its borders. It would ultimately cost over US$2 billion (equivalent to about $27 billion in 2023) and employ over 125,000 people simultaneously at its peak.  

Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where bomb design work was carried out. 

Two different types of bombs were eventually developed: a gun-type fission weapon that used uranium-235, called Little Boy, and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon that used plutonium-239, called Fat Man. 

There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program, but it lacked the human, mineral, and financial resources of the Manhattan Project, and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb. 

 

 

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Africa They Will Kill You

Africa They will Kill You by Trey Knowles:

Melanin is a pigment that could be used in computer chips and other electronic devices because it can conduct electricity and interact with biological systems:

Biocompatibility:

Melanin is compatible with the human body, making it a safer material for electronic devices.

Conductivity:

Melanin can conduct electricity under certain conditions. Researchers have increased melanin's conductivity by annealing it in a vacuum, which reorganizes the melanin molecules into a uniform stack that shares electrons.

Switching:

Melanin can act as a switch when sandwiched between metal electrodes, turning on and off under different voltages. This switching behavior is critical for computing.

Potential applications:

Melanin could be used in implantable devices and sensors for medicine and medical research, such as:

Monitoring epileptic fits

Controlling artificial limbs

Studying how cells and tissues respond to drugs

Melanin is isolated from natural sources, such as octopus ink.

Take Note of this:

Black people have more melanin, a natural pigment in the skin, than people with white skin. Melanin protects the skin from sun damage and other health concerns:

Sun protection

Melanin protects skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) light. Black skin has a natural sun protection factor (SPF) of about 13.4, while white skin has an SPF of about 3.3.

Premature aging:

Melanin protects the skin's collagen and elastin, which can help prevent premature aging.

Health concerns:

Melanin can help reduce inflammation and support the immune system. It can also scavenge for reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to stress and health concerns like cancer and diabetes

They will kill you for Melanin.

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Nero

Nero: 

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (/ˈnɪəroʊ/ NEER-oh; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68. 

Nero was born at Antium in AD 37, the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger (great-granddaughter of the emperor Augustus). Nero was three when his father died. By the time Nero turned eleven, his mother married Emperor Claudius, who then adopted Nero as his heir. Upon Claudius' death in AD 54, Nero ascended to the throne with the backing of the Praetorian Guard and the Senate. 

 

In the early years of his reign, Nero was advised and guided by his mother Agrippina, his tutor Seneca the Younger, and his praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus, but sought to rule independently and rid himself of restraining influences. The power struggle between Nero and his mother reached its climax when he orchestrated her murder. Roman sources also implicate Nero in the deaths of both his wife Claudia Octavia – supposedly so he could marry Poppaea Sabina – and his stepbrother Britannicus. 

 

Nero's practical contributions to Rome's governance focused on diplomacy, trade, and culture. He ordered the construction of amphitheaters, and promoted athletic games and contests. He made public appearances as an actor, poet, musician, and charioteer, which scandalized his aristocratic contemporaries as these occupations were usually the domain of slaves, public entertainers, and infamous persons. However, the provision of such entertainments made Nero popular among lower-class citizens. The costs involved were borne by local elites either directly or through taxation, and were much resented by the Roman aristocracy. 

 

During Nero's reign, the general Corbulo fought the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63, and made peace with the hostile Parthian Empire. The Roman general Suetonius Paulinus quashed a major revolt in Britain led by queen Boudica. The Bosporan Kingdom was briefly annexed to the empire, and the First Jewish–Roman War began. When the Roman senator Vindex rebelled, with support from the eventual Roman emperor Galba, Nero was declared a public enemy and condemned to death in absentia. He fled Rome, and on 9 June AD 68 committed suicide. His death sparked a brief period of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. 

 

Most Roman sources offer overwhelmingly negative assessments of his personality and reign. Most contemporary sources describe him as tyrannical, self-indulgent, and debauched. The historian Tacitus claims the Roman people thought him compulsive and corrupt. Suetonius tells that many Romans believed the Great Fire of Rome was instigated by Nero to clear land for his planned "Golden House". Tacitus claims Nero seized Christians as scapegoats for the fire and had them burned alive, seemingly motivated not by public justice, but personal cruelty. Some modern historians question the reliability of ancient sources on Nero's tyrannical acts, considering his popularity among the Roman commoners. In the eastern provinces of the Empire, a popular legend arose that Nero had not died and would return. After his death, at least three leaders of short-lived, failed rebellions presented themselves as "Nero reborn" to gain popular support. 

 

In Jewish and Christian tradition: 

An Aggadah in the Talmud says that at the end of AD 66, conflict broke out between Greeks and Jews in Jerusalem and Caesarea. According to the Talmud, during the Great Jewish Revolt, Nero went to Jerusalem and shot arrows in all four directions. All the arrows landed in the city. He then asked a passing child to repeat the verse he had learned that day. The child responded, "I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel" (Ezekiel 25:14). 

Upon hearing this, Nero became terrified, believing that God wanted the Second Temple to be destroyed, but that he would punish the one to carry it out. Nero said, "He desires to lay waste His House and to lay the blame on me," whereupon he fled and converted to Judaism to avoid such retribution. Vespasian was then dispatched to put down the rebellion. 

The Talmud adds that the sage Reb Meir Baal HaNess lived in the time of the Mishnah, and was a prominent supporter of the Bar Kokhba rebellion against Roman rule. Rabbi Meir was considered one of the greatest of the Tannaim of the third generation (139–163). According to the Talmud, he was a descendant of Nero, who had converted to Judaism. His wife Bruriah is one of the few women cited in the Gemara. He is the third-most-frequently-mentioned sage in the Mishnah.[citation needed] 

The Talmudic legend about Nero is not supported by contemporary sources. Roman and Greek sources nowhere report Nero's alleged trip to Jerusalem or his alleged conversion to Judaism. There is also no record of Nero having any offspring who survived infancy: his only recorded child, Claudia Augusta, died aged 4 months. 

 

Christian tradition: 

Tacitus describes Nero extensively torturing and executing Christians after the fire of AD 64. Suetonius also mentions Nero punishing Christians, though he does so because they are "given to a new and mischievous superstition" and does not connect it with the fire. 

Christian writer Tertullian (c. 155–230) was the first to call Nero the first persecutor of Christians. He wrote, "Examine your records. There you will find that Nero was the first that persecuted this doctrine." Lactantius (c. 240–320) also said that Nero "first persecuted the servants of God," as did Sulpicius Severus. 

However, Suetonius writes that, "since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus, the [emperor Claudius] expelled them from Rome" ("Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma expulit"). These expelled "Jews" may have been early Christians, although Suetonius is not explicit. Nor is the Bible explicit, calling Aquila of Pontus and his wife, Priscilla, both expelled from Italy at the time, "Jews" (Acts 18:2). 

 

 

Martyrdoms of Peter and Paul: 

The first text to suggest that Nero ordered the execution of an apostle is a letter by Clement to the Corinthians traditionally dated to around AD 96. The apocryphal Ascension of Isaiah, a Christian writing from the 2nd century, says, "the slayer of his mother, who himself (even) this king, will persecute the plant which the Twelve Apostles of the Beloved have planted. Of the Twelve one will be delivered into his hands"; this is interpreted as referring to Nero. 

Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275–339) was the first to write explicitly that Paul was beheaded and Peter crucified in Rome during the reign of Nero.  

He states that Nero's persecution led to Peter and Paul's deaths, but that Nero did not give any specific orders. However, several other accounts going back to the first century have Paul surviving his two years in Rome and travelling to Hispania, before facing trial in Rome again prior to his death. 

Peter is first said to have been crucified specifically upside-down in Rome during Nero's reign (but not by Nero) in the apocryphal Acts of Peter (c. 200). The account ends with Paul still alive and Nero abiding by God's command not to persecute any more Christians. 

By the fourth century, a number of writers were stating that Nero killed Peter and Paul. 

Antichrist: 

Main articles: Antichrist, The Beast (Revelation), Number of the beast, and Nero Redivivus legend 

The Sibylline Oracles, Book 5 and 8, written in the second century, speak of Nero returning and bringing destruction. Within Christian communities, these writings, along with others, fueled the belief that Nero would return as the Antichrist. 

In 310, Lactantius wrote that Nero "suddenly disappeared, and even the burial place of that noxious wild beast was nowhere to be seen. This has led some persons of extravagant imagination to suppose that, having been conveyed to a distant region, he is still reserved alive; and to him they apply the Sibylline verses." Lactantius maintains that it is not right to believe this. 

In 422, Augustine of Hippo wrote about 2 Thessalonians 2:1–11, where he believed that Paul mentioned the coming of the Antichrist. Although he rejects the theory, Augustine mentions that many Christians believed Nero was the Antichrist or would return as the Antichrist. He wrote that, "in saying, 'For the mystery of iniquity doth already work,' he alluded to Nero, whose deeds already seemed to be as the deeds of Antichrist." 

Some modern biblical scholars such as Delbert Hillers (Johns Hopkins University) of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the editors of the Oxford Study Bible and HarperCollins Study Bible, contend that the number 666 in the Book of Revelation is a code for Nero, a view that is also supported in Roman Catholic Biblical commentaries. 

 

The statement concerns Revelation 17:1-18, "the longest explanatory passage in Revelation", which predicts the destruction of Rome by work of an "eighth emperor" who was also one of the "seven kings" of the most extended and powerful empire ever known in the human history: according to this lecture, Babylon the Great is identified with Rome which has poured the blood of saints and martyrs (verse 6) and subsequently become the seat of the Vatican State, reigning over all the kings existing on Earth. 

 

 

 

  

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Drones Search for the Nuclear Fusion

 

Drones Search for the Nuclear Fusion:

Note: God's destruction of the Tower of BabelAccording to the Book of Genesis, God destroyed the Tower of Babel because the people building it were becoming too powerful. God made the people speak different languages so they would have trouble communicating with each other.

NASA's Parker Solar Probe will make history during a flight around the Sun on Christmas Eve December 24, 2024. What is the reason behind all of this? Operation Dominic and Operation Fish Bone. They want to go beyond space and break the earth firmament.

Allegory Note: United State Secrets Government group, and Aliens member of Azazel are working together for ground zero super power of earth destruction in the location of Alaska underground black whole pyramids.

The Sun is a main-sequence star, and thus releases its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses about 600 billion kilograms of hydrogen each second.

Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei (for example, nuclei of hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium), combine to form one or more atomic nuclei and neutrons. The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy. This difference in mass arises as a result of the difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the fusion reaction. Nuclear fusion is the process that powers active or main-sequence stars and other high-magnitude stars, where large amounts of energy are released.

A nuclear fusion process that produces atomic nuclei lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally release energy. These elements have a relatively small mass and a relatively large binding energy per nucleon. Fusion of nuclei lighter than these releases energy (an exothermic process), while the fusion of heavier nuclei results in energy retained by the product nucleons, and the resulting reaction is endothermic. The opposite is true for the reverse process, called nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion uses lighter elements, such as hydrogen and helium, which are in general more fusible; while the heavier elements, such as uranium, thorium and plutonium, are more fissionable. The extreme astrophysical event of a supernova can produce enough energy to fuse nuclei into elements heavier than iron.

American chemist William Draper Harkins was the first to propose the concept of nuclear fusion in 1915. Then in 1921, Arthur Eddington suggested hydrogen–helium fusion could be the primary source of stellar energy. Quantum tunneling was discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1927, and shortly afterwards Robert Atkinson and Fritz Houtermans used the measured masses of light elements to demonstrate that large amounts of energy could be released by fusing small nuclei. Building on the early experiments in artificial nuclear transmutation by Patrick Blackett, laboratory fusion of hydrogen isotopes was accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932. In the remainder of that decade, the theory of the main cycle of nuclear fusion in stars was worked out by Hans Bethe.

Research into fusion for military purposes began in the early 1940s as part of the Manhattan Project. The first artificial thermonuclear fusion reaction occurred during the 1951 Greenhouse Item test of the first boosted fission weapon, which uses a small amount of deuterium–tritium gas to enhance the fission yield. The first thermonuclear weapon detonation, where the vast majority of the yield comes from fusion, was the 1952 Ivy Mike test of a liquid deuterium-fusing device.

While fusion bomb detonations were loosely considered for energy production, the possibility of controlled and sustained reactions remained the scientific focus for peaceful fusion power. Research into developing controlled fusion inside fusion reactors has been ongoing since the 1930s, with Los Alamos National Laboratory's Scylla I device producing the first laboratory thermonuclear fusion in 1958, but the technology is still in its developmental phase.

The US National Ignition Facility, which uses laser-driven inertial confinement fusion, was designed with a goal of achieving a fusion energy gain factor (Q) of larger than one; the first large-scale laser target experiments were performed in June 2009 and ignition experiments began in early 2011. On 13 December 2022, the United States Department of Energy announced that on 5 December 2022, they had successfully accomplished break-even fusion, "delivering 2.05 megajoules (MJ) of energy to the target, resulting in 3.15 MJ of fusion energy output."

Prior to this breakthrough, controlled fusion reactions had been unable to produce break-even (self-sustaining) controlled fusion. The two most advanced approaches for it are magnetic confinement (toroid designs) and inertial confinement (laser designs). Workable designs for a toroidal reactor that theoretically will deliver ten times more fusion energy than the amount needed to heat plasma to the required temperatures are in development (see ITER). The ITER facility is expected to finish its construction phase in 2025. It will start commissioning the reactor that same year and initiate plasma experiments in 2025, but is not expected to begin full deuterium–tritium fusion until 2035.

Private companies pursuing the commercialization of nuclear fusion received $2.6 billion in private funding in 2021 alone, going to many notable startups including but not limited to Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Helion Energy Inc., General Fusion, TAE Technologies Inc. and Zap Energy Inc.

One of the most recent breakthroughs to date in maintaining a sustained fusion reaction occurred in France's WEST fusion reactor. It maintained a 90 million degree plasma for a record time of six minutes. This is a tokamak style reactor which is the same style as the upcoming ITER reactor.

The Process:

The release of energy with the fusion of light elements is due to the interplay of two opposing forces: the nuclear force, a manifestation of the strong interaction, which holds protons and neutrons tightly together in the atomic nucleus; and the Coulomb force, which causes positively charged protons in the nucleus to repel each other. Lighter nuclei (nuclei smaller than iron and nickel) are sufficiently small and proton-poor to allow the nuclear force to overcome the Coulomb force. This is because the nucleus is sufficiently small that all nucleons feel the short-range attractive force at least as strongly as they feel the infinite-range Coulomb repulsion. Building up nuclei from lighter nuclei by fusion releases the extra energy from the net attraction of particles. For larger nuclei, however, no energy is released, because the nuclear force is short-range and cannot act across larger nuclei.

Fusion powers stars and produces virtually all elements in a process called nucleosynthesis. The Sun is a main-sequence star, and, as such, generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen and makes 616 million metric tons of helium each second. The fusion of lighter elements in stars releases energy and the mass that always accompanies it. For example, in the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei to form helium, 0.645% of the mass is carried away in the form of kinetic energy of an alpha particle or other forms of energy, such as electromagnetic radiation.

It takes considerable energy to force nuclei to fuse, even those of the lightest element, hydrogen. When accelerated to high enough speeds, nuclei can overcome this electrostatic repulsion and be brought close enough such that the attractive nuclear force is greater than the repulsive Coulomb force. The strong force grows rapidly once the nuclei are close enough, and the fusing nucleons can essentially "fall" into each other and the result is fusion; this is an exothermic process.

Energy released in most nuclear reactions is much larger than in chemical reactions, because the binding energy that holds a nucleus together is greater than the energy that holds electrons to a nucleus. For example, the ionization energy gained by adding an electron to a hydrogen nucleus is 13.6 eV—less than one-millionth of the 17.6 MeV released in the deuterium–tritium (D–T) reaction shown in the adjacent diagram. Fusion reactions have an energy density many times greater than nuclear fission; the reactions produce far greater energy per unit of mass even though individual fission reactions are generally much more energetic than individual fusion ones, which are themselves millions of times more energetic than chemical reactions. Via the mass–energy equivalence, fusion yields a 0.7% efficiency of reactant mass into energy. This can be only be exceeded by the extreme cases of the accretion process involving neutron stars or black holes, approaching 40% efficiency, and antimatter annihilation at 100% efficiency. (The complete conversion of one gram of matter would release 9×10 joules of energy.)

The Sun:

An important fusion process is the stellar nucleosynthesis that powers stars, including the Sun. In the 20th century, it was recognized that the energy released from nuclear fusion reactions accounts for the longevity of stellar heat and light. The fusion of nuclei in a star, starting from its initial hydrogen and helium abundance, provides that energy and synthesizes new nuclei. Different reaction chains are involved, depending on the mass of the star (and therefore the pressure and temperature in its core).

Around 1920, Arthur Eddington anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper The Internal Constitution of the Stars.[20][21] At that time, the source of stellar energy was unknown; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc2. This was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy had not yet been discovered, nor even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen (see metallicity). Eddington's paper reasoned that:

The leading theory of stellar energy, the contraction hypothesis, should cause the rotation of a star to visibly speed up due to conservation of angular momentum. But observations of Cepheid variable stars showed this was not happening.

The only other known plausible source of energy was conversion of matter to energy; Einstein had shown some years earlier that a small amount of matter was equivalent to a large amount of energy.

Francis Aston had also recently shown that the mass of a helium atom was about 0.8% less than the mass of the four hydrogen atoms which would, combined, form a helium atom (according to the then-prevailing theory of atomic structure which held atomic weight to be the distinguishing property between elements; work by Henry Moseley and Antonius van den Broek would later show that nucleic charge was the distinguishing property and that a helium nucleus, therefore, consisted of two hydrogen nuclei plus additional mass). This suggested that if such a combination could happen, it would release considerable energy as a byproduct.

If a star contained just 5% of fusible hydrogen, it would suffice to explain how stars got their energy. (It is now known that most 'ordinary' stars are usually made of around 70% to 75% hydrogen)

Further elements might also be fused, and other scientists had speculated that stars were the "crucible" in which light elements combined to create heavy elements, but without more accurate measurements of their atomic masses nothing more could be said at the time.

All of these speculations were proven correct in the following decades.

The primary source of solar energy, and that of similar size stars, is the fusion of hydrogen to form helium (the proton–proton chain reaction), which occurs at a solar-core temperature of 14 million kelvin. The net result is the fusion of four protons into one alpha particle, with the release of two positrons and two neutrinos (which changes two of the protons into neutrons), and energy. In heavier stars, the CNO cycle and other processes are more important. As a star uses up a substantial fraction of its hydrogen, it begins to synthesize heavier elements. The heaviest elements are synthesized by fusion that occurs when a more massive star undergoes a violent supernova at the end of its life, a process known as supernova nucleosynthesis.

What is the reason behind all of this? Operation Dominic and Operation Fish Bone. They want to go beyond space and break the earth firmament. They are trying to become God.

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Orchestrated World Wars Masonic Puppet Masters

 

In 1871 controversial American Freemason Albert Pike wrote a letter in which he outlined an outlined plan for three world wars.

He managed to predict two of his prophecies with great accuracy and now there is one left. Will Albert Pike’s third chilling Masonic prophecy be fulfilled?

Albert Pike (1809-1891), who was a captain for the US army during the American Civil War was also a prominent, yet controversial high-ranking Freemason.

In a letter dated August 15, 1871, addressed to his Italian friend, politician Giuseppe Mazzini who was also a Freemason, Pike described three events that were seen as necessary to bring about the One World Order. Pike’s prophecy was based on a vision he said he had received.

It should be stated right from the start that Pike’s Three World Wars letter is a controversial topic and there are serious doubts about its authenticity.

Some state it never existed, others think it’s fake, and there naturally those who consider it to be genuine. The prophecy letter was mentioned in William Guy Carr’s Book entitled Pawns in the Game, which was published in 1958.

According to Pike’s first prophecy, World War 1 was planned to overthrow the Tsars in Russia and make Russia a communist stronghold.

His next prophecy was about World War 2 that he said sparked as a catalyst to destroy Nazism. The true purpose of WWII was that communism could take over wearier governments and for a sovereign state of Israel to be set up in Palestine.

The third masonic prophecy deals with WWIII and Pike said the global war will be fought between the west and leaders of the Islamic war. The letter allegedly said: "The Third World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the differences caused by the 'agentur' of the 'Illuminati' between the political Zionists and the leaders of Islamic World.

The war must be conducted in such a way that Islam (the Moslem Arabic World) and political Zionism (the State of Israel) mutually destroy each other.

Meanwhile the other nations, once more divided on this issue will be constrained to fight to the point of complete physical, moral, spiritual, and economical exhaustion.

We shall unleash the Nihilists and the atheists, and we shall provoke a formidable social cataclysm which in all its horror will show clearly to the nations the effect of absolute atheism, the origin of savagery, and of the most bloody turmoil

In his book, Carr writes that “Pike told Mazzini that after World War Three is ended, those who aspire to undisputed world domination will provoke the greatest social cataclysm the world has ever known.”

If Pike’s letter really exists, it would be interesting to know its whereabouts. It was originally claimed the text was on show at the British Museum's Library and was mysteriously taken down in the 1970s and never seen again.

However, the British Museum and the British Library deny knowledge of its existence. Both the British Museum and the British Library confirmed there is no record of the letter being in the establishment's possession.

Is Pike’s letter a fake, or is it perhaps hidden somewhere?

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Lady Liberty’s Masonic Origins

The Statue of Liberty is an American landmark visited by approximately 3.5 million people every year and is recognized internationally as a symbol of American ideals. But what is the story behind Lady Liberty and her Masonic legacy?

Many of us had learned an abbreviated tale of the 305 feet-tall copper statue in primary school; France had gifted the Statue of Liberty to the United States as a gift to commemorate their successful alliance during the American Revolution and the larger-than-life figure was placed by Ellis Island in New York to welcome newcomers to the land of freedom.

What they failed to teach in school, however, is the Statue of Liberty’s Masonic origin and ties to Freemasonry. In fact, the colossus in New York’s harbor was conceived, financed, built, and installed by Freemasons!

Lady Liberty’s Masonic Origins Begin in France:

Nearly 100 years after the end of the American Revolution in 1865, French political thinker and Brother Edouard de Laboulaye, who belonged to Lodge Alsace Lorraine in Paris, proposed to France that the country gift a monument to the United States in commemoration of their diplomatic relations and to celebrate a century of freedom and democracy. Additionally, Brother Laboulaye and his comrades, which included the likes of Oscar and Edmond de Lafayette, grandsons of Marquis d’ LaFayette, Henri Martin, and a sculptor and Freemason Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, had hoped that the gift would inspire their own French citizens to pursue democracy in France. At the time, France’s population was still split between those who supported the monarchy and those who supported enlightenment ideals.

The idea lay dormant during the oppressive regime that took place in France during the Franco-Prussian War. With the war’s ending in 1871, Brother Laboulaye commissioned Brother Bartholdi to sculpt the gift, having already recently been commissioned to make a bust of Laboulaye.

Bartholdi sailed to America in 1871 to make arrangements for the presentation of the monument on July 4, 1876, the centenary of the Declaration of Independence. Upon approaching America, it is said he had a vision of a goddess holding a torch in one hand, welcoming visitors to the land of freedom and opportunity. This vision would become the first sketch of the Statue of Liberty. During the 19th century, the idea of “liberty” was controversial, often associated with violence and revolution. Batholdi wanted to portray a different image of liberty; instead of the monument leading an uprising, it shall instead light the way to freedom peacefully and lawfully. And so the name, “Liberty Enlightening the World,” was bestowed upon the yet-to-be-made statue.

Building the Statue of Liberty with the Help of Freemasons:

With the idea of the monument proposed and accepted, the grueling work of fundraising for the project began. When Bartholdi returned to France, he managed to raise, with the help of the Franco-American Union (of which many members were Freemasons), the sum of 3,500,000 French francs. However, securing this sum of money took a great deal of time - and there was more to be raised. It became clear that they would not meet their original deadline of July 4, 1876, and began working around the clock to secure funds and construct the monument. In fact, the project was funded to completion thanks to the help of Joseph Pulitzer, the owner and editor of the New York World (who would later have the prestigious literary award named in his honor,) who raised over $100,000 ($2.3 million in today’s currency.)

The structural framework was provided by fellow Freemason and French civil engineer Gustave Eiffel5, who would later become famous for designing the Eiffel Tower. Copper was chosen as the material of choice by Brother Bartholdi as it was among the least expensive material to construct with.

That statue was then built by Freemason laborers of the Franco-American Union and was completed in 1885. Lady Liberty was then dismantled into 350 pieces and shipped overseas, arriving at Bedloe’s Island (soon after renamed to Liberty Island) in June 1885.

Lady Liberty Welcomed Home by American Freemasonry:

When Lady Liberty arrived in the United States, there was debate about what should be included in the cornerstone, the first stone set that all other stones will be set in reference to, of the foundation of the monument. It had been an American tradition to have the cornerstone of major public and private buildings and monuments ceremoniously placed with symbolic meaning ever since Brother George Washington, in 1793, had personally laid the cornerstone of the Capitol with the assistance of the Grand Lodge of Maryland. As such, Chairman William M. Evarts of the American Committee contacted the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of New York and requested a Masonic ceremony "appropriate to the occasion."

The items chosen for the cornerstone of the Statue of Liberty, which were placed in a time capsule below the cornerstone, included: a copy of the United States Constitution, George Washington’s Farewell Address; 20 bronze medals of presidents up through Chester A. Arthur (including Washington, Monroe, Jackson, Polk, Buchanan, Johnson and Garfield, who were all Freemasons), copies of New York City newspapers, a portrait of Bartholdi, a copy of ‘Poem on Liberty’ by E. R. Johnes; and a list on parchment of the Grand Lodge officers.

When the cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty was laid, elements of a traditional Masonic ceremony were observed; A Grand Master provided a few words and the cornerstone was found to be “square, level and plumb”. The Grand Master applied the mortar and had the stone lowered into place. He then struck the stone three times, and declared it duly laid. Then the elements of “consecration” were presented: corn, wine, and oil.

The remaining pieces of Lady Liberty were finally placed and the monument was dedicated on October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland presided over the ceremony, and Brother Henry Potter, Episcopal Bishop of New York, gave the invocation. Brother Bartholdi pulled the tricolor French flag off the statue’s face. The main address was given by Freemason Chauncey M. Depew, who was also a United States Senator.

Freemasonry & the Statue of Liberty Today:

Today, the Statue of Liberty still stands tall in New York harbor as an international symbol of democracy. The close ties between the Statue of Liberty and Freemasonry may come as a surprise to many due to the secretive nature of Freemasonry in America’s early history. Masons, at this time, took great pride in ensuring that their order stayed private and was not known to the outside world. Masons who were in the public eye, like George Washington and Ben Franklin, did not openly share their Masonic association. However, Freemasons are now encouraged to publicly embrace their affiliations, and it is important to understand and know the quiet history of Freemasonry and all that Freemasons have done to build the foundation of America.

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Humanity Destruction Krypton Fiction Earth

                           Humanity Destruction Krypton Fiction Earth 

                                This is allegory Fiction.

The concept of societies "playing god" can be explored through the actions and consequences of both Krypton and Earth.

Krypton:

Genetic Engineering: In some versions of the Superman lore, Kryptonians engage in genetic manipulation, creating a highly stratified society where individuals' roles and futures are predetermined by their genetic makeup. This attempt to control and perfect their society can be seen as playing god.

Technological Hubris: Krypton's advanced technology and reliance on their scientific achievements lead them to dismiss warnings about their planet's impending destruction. Their belief in their ability to control and manage all aspects of life ultimately contributes to their downfall.

Earth:

Scientific and Medical Advancements: On Earth, humans constantly push the boundaries of science and medicine, sometimes venturing into areas that raise ethical and moral questions, such as cloning, genetic modification, and artificial intelligence.

Environmental Impact: Human activities have significantly altered Earth's ecosystems, climate, and biodiversity. Efforts to control nature, such as geoengineering, are modern attempts to mitigate environmental damage but also carry risks and uncertainties.

Key Comparisons:

Control vs. Consequence: Both Krypton and Earth face significant consequences from their attempts to exert control over nature and society. Krypton's destruction and Earth's environmental crises highlight the dangers of overstepping natural limits.

Ethical and Moral Dilemmas: The actions of both societies raise questions about the ethical implications of their choices. The pursuit of perfection or control often leads to unintended and sometimes catastrophic outcomes.

Hubris and Humility: The stories of Krypton and Earth serve as cautionary tales about the dangers of hubris and the importance of humility in the face of nature's complexity and power.

The idea of hell on Krypton and Earth can be interpreted in different ways, depending on cultural, mythological, and fictional contexts:

Krypton:

In DC Comics, Krypton does not have a traditional concept of hell as found in many Earth religions. However, there are aspects of Kryptonian society and mythology that can be seen as analogous to hellish experiences:

The Phantom Zone: This is Krypton's method of imprisonment, where criminals are sent into an alternate dimension. Inhabitants of the Phantom Zone exist in a ghost-like state, unable to interact with the physical world, which can be seen as a form of eternal punishment.

Krypton's Destruction: The catastrophic end of Krypton can be viewed as a hellish event. The planet's explosive demise resulted in the death of nearly all its inhabitants, making it a tragic and apocalyptic scenario.

Earth:

On Earth, the concept of hell varies widely across different religions and cultures:

Christianity: Hell is often depicted as a place of eternal torment and punishment for the wicked, ruled by Satan.

Dante’s Inferno: In literature, Dante Alighieri’s "Divine Comedy" describes a detailed and structured version of hell, with different levels of punishment for various sins.

Other Religions and Myths: Various other religions have their own versions of the afterlife and hell, such as Hades in Greek mythology, Naraka in Hinduism and Buddhism, and Jahannam in Islam.

Comparative Themes:

Punishment and Redemption: Both Krypton and Earth have systems of justice and punishment. While Krypton uses the Phantom Zone, Earth has its mythological hells that serve as deterrents for immoral behavior.

Apocalyptic Events: Krypton's destruction is a form of collective hell, akin to apocalyptic scenarios on Earth that depict end-of-the-world events.

Moral Lessons: Both societies use these concepts to impart moral lessons. Krypton's Phantom Zone serves as a caution against criminal behavior, while Earth's hells are often used to teach the consequences of sin.

Key Points:

The Phantom Zone on Krypton is a hell-like dimension used for punishment.

Earth's various hell concepts span different religions, myths, and literature, each with its own unique depiction of eternal punishment and moral consequences.

Both Krypton and Earth use these concepts to enforce justice and teach moral lessons.

Repent and turn away from Brainiac:

Brainiac is a fictional supervillain in the DC Comics universe, known for his immense intelligence and technological prowess. In many storylines, Brainiac is depicted as a collector of worlds and knowledge, often shrinking and stealing entire cities and their inhabitants for his own purposes.

Here's a brief summary of an intro where Brainiac invades and destroys Superman's home planet, Krypton:

On the distant, advanced planet of Krypton, renowned for its scientific achievements and vibrant culture, a shadow falls as the skies fill with ominous, unfamiliar spacecraft. The Kryptonian council, initially skeptical, soon realize that their planet faces an unprecedented threat: Brainiac. With his unparalleled intellect and array of advanced technology, Brainiac arrives, driven by his twisted obsession to preserve Krypton's knowledge and culture—by encapsulating its cities in miniature and annihilating the rest.

Chaos erupts as Brainiac's drones descend, methodically targeting Krypton's key cities. Panic spreads among the Kryptonians, who find their formidable defenses useless against the invader's superior technology. In the city of Kandor, a young scientist named Jor-El, aware of the planet's imminent doom, works desperately to save his newborn son, Kal-El, sending him off in a small spaceship to the distant planet Earth.

Amid the destruction, Brainiac systematically captures and miniaturizes Kandor, adding it to his collection, while Krypton faces its inevitable end. The once-great civilization crumbles, its legacy reduced to fragments, but a glimmer of hope remains as Kal-El’s spaceship speeds toward Earth, carrying with it the potential for a new beginning.

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

Atlantis Could Equal Americas

 Could the Americas be the ancient world?  

Yes, if you believe in the Pangaea theory, the idea that Earth's continents were once part of a single landmass called Pangaea, which broke apart to form the continents we know today: 

This can explain why the oldest human-made structure in the Americas is older than the Egyptian pyramids. 

To find the oldest known human-made structures in the Americas, you don't need to hike into the wilderness or paddle down a raging river — all you need to do is visit Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 

At the north end of Louisiana State University's (LSU) campus sit two grassy mounds, rising in a gentle slope to a height of about 20 feet (6 meters). The mounds are just two of more than 800 similar human-made mounds in Louisiana, built by Indigenous Americans. Although researchers knew they were old, a new study has determined just how old these ancient structures are. 

The grassy surface hides layers of ancient clay, dirt and ash. And researchers recently found that the oldest mound is 11,000 years old, making it the oldest human-made structure discovered in either North or South America. 

 

There's nothing known that is man-made and this old still in existence today in the Americas, except the mounds," study first author Brooks Ellwood, emeritus professor of geology and at LSU, said in a university statement. The research was published in the June issue of Yale University's American Journal of Science 

History of the mounds 

For the study, the researchers took sediment cores from each of the mounds to determine their age. In these cores, the researchers found layers of clay and ash from burned reed and cane plants, as well as microscopic animal bone fragments. 

Because the flames from reed and cane are too hot to cook food with, the researchers think that the mounds were built up and used for religious or ceremonial purposes. 

 

The two mounds aren't the same age. Mound B, which lies to the south of Mound A, is the oldest of the two. Using radiocarbon dating, which measures how much of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 has decayed in organic matter, the researchers determined that Mound B is 11,000 years old, while Mound A is around 7,500 years old. The finding reveals that both mounds are older than the ancient Egyptian pyramids; the oldest pyramid, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, was constructed at Saqqara about 4,700 years ago. 

By studying the cores and the surrounding landscape, the researchers built a general timeline for the mounds' construction. A large depression in the ground near LSU's Hill Memorial Library hinted that Mound B was probably constructed from material in that area starting around 11,000 years ago. Over thousands of years, ancient humans continued to build up the mound with clay and by burning plants and animals on the mound. 

Then, around 8,200 years ago, Mound B was abandoned — and researchers aren't sure why. But a rapidly changing climate could have had an impact. Starting around 8,200 years ago, temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere suddenly dropped around 35 degrees Fahrenheit (19.4 degrees Celsius), for reasons unknown, and stayed that way for about 160 years, according to the statement. 

"We don't know why they abandoned the mounds around 8,200 years ago, but we do know their environment changed suddenly and dramatically, which may have affected many aspects of their daily life," Ellwood said. 

 

The team found no evidence of human activity at Mound B for the next 1,000 years. Then, around 7,500 years ago, ancient people started constructing Mound A about 30 feet (9 m) away, using mud from a floodplain where today's LSU Tiger Stadium now sits. 

 

The researchers also discovered a stellar characteristic of the mounds — they line up just 8.5 degrees east of north, which is where the giant red star Arcturus would have risen several thousand years ago, according to LSU astronomers. Around 6,000 years ago, both mounds were completed to align toward Arcturus. The university is now moving to help preserve these ancient monuments. Over the years, researchers have encouraged students and visitors to avoid walking or sitting on the mounds. Although their grassy slopes seem inviting for a picnic or study break, the structures were clearly important to the Indigenous Americans who populated the area. LSU is planning to protect the mounds by building a path and a buffer zone of native plants, so visitors can view the ancient structures without damaging them. 

 

Gopher Wood: 

Gopher wood is a term that appears only once in the Bible, in Genesis 6:14, where God instructs Noah to build the Ark out of it. The word gopher is not used anywhere else in the Bible or the Hebrew language. 

Note: Gopher wood," also known as the Torreya tree (specifically "Torreya taxifolia"), can only be found in Florida, more precisely in a very limited area along the Apalachicola River in the northern part of the state, bordering southwestern Georgia; making it a highly endangered and rare species. 

Atlantis Could Equal Americas. The ancient cities of Egypt. 

The Americas: 

The Americas are surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast and the Pacific Ocean on the west coast, with the Arctic Ocean bordering the northern parts of North America; essentially, the Americas are surrounded by sea on all sides. 
 

 

Atlantis Theory: 

 

Atlantis (Ancient Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, romanized: Atlantìs nêsos, lit. 'island of Atlas') is a fictional island mentioned in Plato's works Timaeus and Critias as part of an allegory on the hubris of nations. In the story, Atlantis is described as a naval empire that ruled all Western parts of the known world, making it the literary counter-image of the Achaemenid Empire. After an ill-fated attempt to conquer "Ancient Athens," Atlantis falls out of favor with the deities and submerges into the Atlantic Ocean. Since Plato describes Athens as resembling his ideal state in the Republic, the Atlantis story is meant to bear witness to the superiority of his concept of a state. 

Despite its minor importance in Plato's work, the Atlantis story has had a considerable impact on literature. The allegorical aspect of Atlantis was taken up in utopian works of several Renaissance writers, such as Francis Bacon's New Atlantis and Thomas More's Utopia. On the other hand, nineteenth-century amateur scholars misinterpreted Plato's narrative as historical tradition, most famously Ignatius L. Donnelly in his Atlantis: The Antediluvian World. Plato's vague indications of the time of the events (more than 9,000 years before his time) and the alleged location of Atlantis ("beyond the Pillars of Hercules") gave rise to much pseudoscientific speculation. As a consequence, Atlantis has become a byword for any and all supposed advanced prehistoric lost civilizations and continues to inspire contemporary fiction, from comic books to films. 

While present-day philologists and classicists agree on the story's fictional nature, there is still debate on what served as its inspiration. Plato is known to have freely borrowed some of his allegories and metaphors from older traditions, as he did with the story of Gyges. This led a number of scholars to suggest possible inspiration of Atlantis from Egyptian records of the Thera eruption, the Sea Peoples invasion, or the Trojan War. Others have rejected this chain of tradition as implausible and insist that Plato created an entirely fictional account, drawing loose inspiration from contemporary events such as the failed Athenian invasion of Sicily in 415–413 BC or the destruction of Helike in 373 BC. 

 

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/

The Moors

The Moors enslaved Christians and other non-Muslims in al-Andalus, or Islamic Iberia. The Moors also imported white Christian slaves from Eastern Europe and Spain. 

If the term “Moor” seems familiar but confusing, there’s a reason. Though the term can be found throughout literature, art, and history books, it does not actually describe a specific ethnicity or race. Instead, the concept of Moors has been used to describe alternatively the reign of Muslims in Spain, Europeans of African descent, and others for centuries. 

Derived from the Latin word “Maurus,” the term was originally used to describe Berbers and ethnic groups from the ancient Roman province of Mauretania in what is now North Africa. Over time, it was increasingly applied to Muslims living in Europe. Beginning in the Renaissance, “Moor” and “blackamoor” were also used to describe any person with dark skin. 

In A.D. 711, a group of North African Muslims led by the Berber general, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, captured the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal). Known as al-Andalus, the territory became a prosperous cultural and economic center where education and the arts and sciences flourished. 

Over time, the strength of the Muslim state diminished, creating inroads for Christians who resented Moorish rule. For centuries, Christian groups challenged Muslim territorial dominance in al-Andalus and slowly expanded their territory. This culminated in 1492, when Catholic monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella I won the Granada War and completed Spain’s conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Eventually, the Moors were expelled from Spain. 

By then, the idea of Moors had spread across Western Europe. “Moor” came to mean anyone who was Muslim or had dark skin; occasionally, Europeans would distinguish between “blackamoors” and “white Moors.” 

One of the most famous mentions of Moors is in Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice. Its titular character is a Moor who serves as a general in the Venetian army. (In Shakespeare’s time, the port city of Venice was ethnically diverse, and the Moors represented a growing interchange between Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Africa.) Despite his military prowess, Othello is also portrayed as exotic, hypersexual, and untrustworthy—“a lascivious Moor” who secretly marries a white woman—reflecting historic stereotypes of black people. 

More recently, the term has been coopted by the sovereign citizen movement in the United States. Members of Moorish sovereign citizen groups claim they are descended from Moors who predated white settlers in North America, and that they are part of a sovereign nation and not subject to U.S. laws. It’s proof of the ongoing allure of “Moor” as a seemingly legitimate ethnic designation—even though its meaning has never been clear. 

 

 

The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a single, distinct or self-defined people. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica observed that the term had "no real ethnological value." Europeans of the Middle Ages and the early modern period variously applied the name to Arabs, Berbers, and Muslim Europeans. 

The term has also been used in Europe in a broader sense to refer to Muslims in general, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in al-Andalus or North Africa. During the colonial era, the Portuguese introduced the names "Ceylon Moors" and "Indian Moors" in South Asia and Sri Lanka, now official ethnic designations on the island nation, and the Bengali Muslims were also called Moors. In the Philippines, the longstanding Muslim community, which predates the arrival of the Spanish, now self-identifies as the "Moro people", an exonym introduced by Spanish colonizers due to their Muslim faith. 

In 711, troops mostly formed by Moors from northern Africa led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. The Iberian Peninsula then came to be known in Classical Arabic as al-Andalus, which at its peak included most of Septimania and modern-day Spain and Portugal. In 827, the Aghlabid Moors occupied Mazara on Sicily, developing it as a port. They eventually went on to consolidate the rest of the island. Differences in religion and culture led to a centuries-long conflict with the Christian kingdoms of Europe, which tried to reclaim control of Muslim areas; this conflict was referred to as the Reconquista. In 1224, the Muslims were expelled from Sicily to the settlement of Lucera, which was destroyed by European Christians in 1300. The fall of Granada in 1492 marked the end of Muslim rule in Spain, although a Muslim minority persisted until their expulsion in 1609. 

The etymology of the word "Moor" is uncertain, although it can be traced back to the Phoenician term Mahurin, meaning "Westerners". From Mahurin, the ancient Greeks derive Mauro, from which Latin derives Mauri. The word "Moor" is presumably of Phoenician origin. Some sources attribute a Hebrew origin to the word. 

During the classical period, the Romans interacted with, and later conquered, parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern northern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla. The Berber tribes of the region were noted in the Classics as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as "Moors" in English and in related variations in other European languages. Mauri (Ancient Greek: Μαῦροι) is recorded as the native name by Strabo in the early 1st century. This appellation was also adopted into Latin, whereas the Greek name for the tribe was Maurusii (Ancient Greek: Μαυρούσιοι). The Moors were also mentioned by Tacitus as having revolted against the Roman Empire in 24 AD. 

During the Latin Middle Ages, Mauri was used to refer to Berbers and Arabs in the coastal regions of Northwest Africa. The 16th century scholar Leo Africanus (c. 1494–1554) identified the Moors (Mauri) as the native Berber inhabitants of the former Roman Africa Province (Roman Africans). 

 

https://crosssides.blogspot.com/