C.A.A. Savastano's Blog, page 10

C.A.A. Savastano returns to The Past American Century

Lee Harvey Oswald and his actions have dominated much of the public discussion about the JFK case, but has this constant focus on him taken away the greater view of events in the JFK assassination? C.A.A. Savastano and your host Mike Swanson discuss this and other related historical subjects.

The Past American Century Podcast w/ C.A.A. Savastano

The Past American Century podcast is back! Historian Mike Swanson and researcher Carmine Savastano discuss the Warren Commission and its famous Single Bullet Theory. The official idea is compared to some contending evidence, diverging official expert testimony, and the assumptions required to believe it definitely proves its claims.

Blurred Minds

Some theorize a hypnotized assailant carried out the attack of multiple famous public figures and even believe such acts might occur while a separate mental suggestion could wipe the killer's memory leaving them a hapless pawn. It is wholly reasonable to support a person can be manipulated, lied to, and indoctrinated given enough time and isolation. If these actions were coupled with repeated negative psychological treatment, torture, or the use of drugs, a person's will can be drastically reduced or their memory can be permanently clouded. However, there is no scientifically proven way to render someone a programmed killer without any self-determination or memory despite the repeated public assertions it might occur. The erroneous modern concept of limitless mental control began decades ago with the assistance of government propaganda and resulting public speculations.

Many claims of mind control attribute rapid occurrences and not the extensive process some governments utilized relying on extensive mental or physical abuse. The related term brainwashing was "coined by a journalist named Edward Hunter, who had served in the Morale Operations section of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services during the Second World War." He spent most of "his time in Asia and became an outspoken anti-Communist" offering the concept of brainwashing to explain why Communism would appeal to a person rather than address less diabolical motivations. Hunter wrote the text "Brainwashing in Red China: The Calculated Destruction of Men's Minds" in nineteen fifty-one and states "brainwashing" is his translation of a Chinese term meaning a "cleansing of the mind". He asserts hearing the term during conversations with "Europeans who had been caught inside China in 1949, the year of Mao's revolution."

OSS & CIA MEMBER Edward Hunter

This idea had multiple variant definitions, "For Hunter-who turned out to be an agent of the CIA's propaganda wing-it was a mystical, Oriental practice that couldn't be understood or anticipated in the West...But for scientists who actually studied American POW's once they returned from Korea, brainwashing was altogether less mysterious...The men had been tortured."i However, the indoctrination methods condemned by Hunter confirm months and years in captivity might render someone willing to commit violence but days or weeks could only procure a speech or feigned submission to likely stop torture. The quick conversions required extensive mental or physical abuse in recorded cases and was not permanent but eventually ceased when the victim was outside a captor's influence. Claims that direct physical abuse can be quickly replaced with psychological methods for shorter periods are not supported by most verified data. "Had Chinese and Soviet Communist really uncovered a machine or method to rewrite men's minds and supplant their free will? The short answer is no-but that didn't stop the U.S. from pouring resources into combating it."ii

This spurred the Central Intelligence Agency to launch its attempt at mind control codenamed MKULTRA using "hallucinogens (like LSD) and biological manipulation...to see if brainwashing were possible. The research could then, theoretically, be used in both defensive and offensive programs against the Soviet Union. Project MKULTRA began in 1953 and continued in various forms for more than 10 years...The files revealed the experiments tested drugs (like LSD), sensory deprivation, hypnotism and electroshock on everyone from agency operatives to prostitutes, recovering drug addicts and prisoners-often without their consent." This intrinsic forced approach never produced actual brainwashing using aforementioned methods, what they did create were traumatized people.iii The more traumatized a person the more violent behavior is possible but increasing unpredictability reduces the benefit of using them for intelligence operations. The Agency of course attempted to destroy all records of these failed attempts to develop mind control due to the potential and later actual damage exposure rendered.iv

The United States Army issued a report in nineteen fifty-five regarding the indoctrination of prisoners of war, four thousand soldiers were interviewed and many had "underwent intensive indoctrination by Chinese Communists. The Chinese had carefully segregated the prisoners they identified as incorrigibles, sometimes housing them in separate camps, and had subjected the prisoners judged to be potential converts to five hours of indoctrination a day, in classes that combined propaganda by the instructors with 'confessions' by the prisoners. In some cases, physical torture accompanies the indoctrination, but in general the Chinese used the traditional methods of psychological coercion: repetition and humiliation over extended periods." Yet this subversion of a prisoner's will did not render a willing assassin and the more quickly suggestions diverged from a subject's normal behavior the more difficult further indoctrination became.

Though Communist's did mentally influence captured American troops during the Korean War, less exotic means than later imagined were employed. One captured American soldier who "delivered a radio speech consisting of North Korean propaganda" two days following his capture disturbed Western officials and such fears compounded after several imprisoned soldiers repeated the event on multiple occasions. By the conflict's end, estimates of troop collaboration numbered one in ten, twenty-one soldiers chose not to return to the United States, forty men had converted to Communism, "and fourteen were court-martialed" resulting in eleven convictions. The United States Army discovered that a shocking number of prisoners had, to one degree or another, succumbed."

Chinese agents used these methods to break the will of prisoners and it resulted in broken detainees signing false statements that were accepted by many internationally to be accurate. Extended mental torture could over larger periods of months and years traumatize someone into substantial complicity but not seemingly in the short term. The widely held public belief in brainwashing or mental control does not distinguish any reasonable limitations inferred by scientific evidence and study. The military's report would inspire a public obsession with the topic and media sources spread prisoner stories as the word brainwashing "became a synonym for any sort of effective persuasion". Some writers compared it to advertising and psychological treatments while a public mixing of verifiable political indoctrination, texts on Pavlovian classic conditioning, and comparisons to hypnotism combined in certain instances. Reported brainwashing alarmist Frederic Wertham even published a book named "The Seduction of the Innocent" denouncing the asserted subtle control that comic books wielded over American youth. All of these varying levels of fact and myth began to swirl into a muddy concept some would claim is reliable but lacks sufficient demonstrable examples of mind control. Despite the verifiable facts, the specter of mind control ironically hypnotizes several people limited only by their worst imaginings.

Scientific experts and inquiry reveals the vast majority of such mental conditioning has a limited duration and psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton following his interview of returning prisoners of war "concluded that the indoctrination of prisoners was a long-term failure. All of the 'converts' eventually returned to the United States, and the former prisoners who had come home praising the good life to be had in North Korea soon reverted to American views." Seemingly, there were no permanent brainwashing methods beyond regular indoctrination augmented with additional environmental stress. The entire proven method does not result in total control but influencing a person to act as desired.

Richard COndon and his Best-Selling Book “The Manchurian Candidate”

During nineteen fifty-nine, movie publicist Richard Condon wrote a piece of best-selling fiction titled "The Manchurian Candidate" that spurred a film of the same title to achieve minor cult status.v Condon's experience as a promotions man could partially explain the idea's endurance coupled with Cold War politics, pulp fiction, and prior more realistic circumstances. Richard Condon seemingly capitalized on the growing fear and paranoia regarding Communism during the Cold War by making vast assumptions regarding the powers of the Red Menace. Condon's addition to the already large mixture of factual and fictional details further clouded the issue publicly. The terms mind control; brainwashing, indoctrination, and hypnotic suggestion have now melded into a seemingly amorphous mass of ideas.

The central problem with claims of hypnotic or mental domination is they rely on depriving a person of complete will and assert being able to utterly wipe subsequent memories. Among the vital portions of successful hypnotism attempts is the participation of the subject, they must be willing to accept the proposed ideas and the subject must also develop an extended rapport with the person attempting hypnotism. Notably, there is not a single verifiable related instance of rendering a human being without the ability to resist unless physical force or extended suppressive methods are employed. Unlike the entertainment-based claims of stage hypnotism one might observe at state fairs or school assembly, the snap of someone's fingers and soothing words alone do not render effective hypnosis. Stage hypnosis can produce reactions on stage when employing a very suggestible volunteer or in less honest cases a planted actor. Consider that stage hypnotism occurs in front of audiences with the expectation of a performance, a participant's desire for becoming part of the spectacle, and in several instances does not initiate even minor hypnotic effects. One popular "stage hypnosis" show affirms, "Hypnotized people are NOT mindless automations subject to the bidding of the hypnotist. It's extremely difficult to get a hypnotized person to do anything against their moral principles."vi

One related psychological study offers, "Brainwashing theories serve the interests of those espousing them in a number of ways." Such ideas lacking most verifiable evidence can generate interest in the longstanding fascination people have with the human mind and its manipulation but are founded upon less than credible science. "The hard determinism approach assumes that human can be turned into robots through the application of sophisticated brainwashing techniques."vii The modern tendency of many to embrace determinism in brainwashing or mental conditioning via psychological techniques does not comport with reality. Some people are not easily susceptible to influencing methods such as indoctrination and most related experts recognize humans beings are "more complex entities" than some psychological brainwashing advocates might appreciate. Yet facts would not subsequently prevent one hypnotist from claiming that Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of President Kennedy, might have been hypnotized by the Soviets.viii The effectiveness of past official propaganda to influence public ideas regarding exaggerated hypnotic powers becomes increasingly clear.

Later attempts to deprogram assertedly "brainwashed" people using methods that include hypnotism exposed not hypnotic methods but the will of the subject to change their behavior is the prevailing factor. At least one prior study of such attempts concluded the subject of cult deprogramming must desire to change their behavior just as they originally had for indoctrination based on mental or social influences. There is a proven voluntary element required to allow external influences to direct our actions, no person can be utterly deprived of all control to perform a series of complex tasks with hypnotism. Even the subject's expectation that hypnotism can be successful or future sessions will be helpful can influence the results demonstrating the voluntary nature possible success is based on.ix One professor studying related phenomenon notes that concepts of brainwashing similar to hypotheses on radicalization may obscure more than reveal factual circumstances. "Both terms could be a lazy way of refusing to inquire further into individual histories, inviting the assumption that the way people act can be known in advance."  

President of the American SOCIETY CLINICAL Hypnosis Dr. Moshe Torem

A preposterous idea is that hypnotism can render someone temporarily into a violent person and then erase all memory of this transition and resulting acts. Professional hypnotism can increase chances of augmenting some behavior such as quitting smoking or enhancing pain relief via concentration techniques and relaxation but fifty-six academic studies on hypnosis confirm it does not assure changed or programmed behavior. Basic problems with hypnosis include lacking a set definition, techniques can vary based on practitioners or education, and no "common or standard intervention technique" can be assessed. One United States Health and Human Services study offers that independent review of nine different hypnotherapy studies "found insufficient evidence to support hypnosis as a treatment for smoking cessation." Hypnosis is not a reliable universal method to explain aberrant behaviors defying our expectations but can be used to assist invoking desired results similar to meditation. There is not enough verifiable data to prove it has any significant effect and if actions the subject desires to occur repeatedly fail, how more unlikely is the chance forced hypnotism might occur. Professor of Psychiatry at Northeastern Ohio Medical University and President of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis Moshe Torem states, "Hypnosis is just a tool that helps in making what you're trying to do easier."x

The assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy presents scientific evidence and witness testimony that Sirhan Bishara Sirhan did not fire the shots killing Robert Kennedy, but he did fire several bullets into a small area full of people. He is not innocent of all guilt but he did not have the means to possess the alleged murder weapon until he was assisted. Nevertheless, some asserting hypnotism venture beyond the facts desiring to grant Sirhan utter innocence and claim he remembered nothing about the act because he was a mentally programmed assassin. They appear to consider him a later-day Manchurian candidate, as per the movie, yet there is no substantial evidence to support the idea despite the volume of those promoting it.

Emile Zola Berman one of SIRHAN SIRHAN’s Multiple Attorneys

Sirhan's conscious decisions to self hypnotize effectively made him more susceptible to influence by outside forces and prone to irrational beliefs. It proves untenable to suggest that an emotionally traumatized, mentally injured, and unwilling subject committed involuntary violence in a short time contrary to his own morality. Even one of Sirhan's advocates Emile Zola Berman reveals hypnotism does not prevent a person from lying or having false memories based on associated scientific analysis that sets additional factual limits upon the assumed power of hypnotism.xi Despite this, advocates of hypnotic control deny Sirhan's willing participation in the attack but among the key elements for effective hypnosis is "relaxation" and this would largely preclude violent instructions unless the subject viewed them favorably.xii Additionally, due to a prior serious head injury Sirhan was an unpredictable subject at best, no deep scientific study of his injuries and to extent they affected his memory or behavior occurred at the time. While a temporary memory loss due is common following some forms of hypnosis, this not the extensive selective memory rewriting offered by proponents of mental control.

Evidence details the occurrence of at least one alleged criminal conspiracy officials suppressed between Sirhan and his brother Munir. Further witness statements affirm the realistic possibility of others being involved in guiding these events as well and repeated official actions to suppress and destroy evidence while discrediting contending accounts. However, none of those facts and legal statements requires mind control and similar unproven hypnotism assumptions to declare a conspiracy. Without substantial evidence that can survive psychological inspection and demonstrate these vast improbable claims in a legal setting, there is no justified reason to embrace them.
Sincerely,
C.A.A. Savastano

References:
i. Lorraine Boissoneault, (May 22, 2017), The True Story of Brainwashing and How It Shaped America, Smithsonian Magazine, smithsonian.com
ii. Louis Menand, (September 15, 2003), Brainwashed : Where the Manchurian Candidate came from,  New Yorker Magazine, newyorker.com
iii. Assassination Record Review Board, Files of Analyst Manuel Legaspi, MKULTRAT.WPD, June 22, 2017
iv. United States Senate Select Committee  to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, Miscellaneous Records, No Title,  April 24, 1975, National Archives and Records Administration Identification Number: 157-10014-10218, pp. 5-7
v. L. Menand, Brainwashed
vi. Eric Kand, (n.d.), Myths about Hypnosis-Is Hypnotism Real?, Erik Kand Stage Hypnotist, hypnosisevents.com
vii. James T. Richardson, (December 10, 1999), A Social Psychological Critique of "Brainwashing" Claims about recruitment to new religions, Center for Studies on New Religions, censur.org
viii. President's Commission Document 121, FBI Wilson Report re: Oswald, Theory advanced that Russian trained Lee Harvey Oswald for Assassination of President Kennedy through Post Hypnotic Suggestion, December 6, 1963
ix. Mark P. Jensen, Tomonori Adachi, Catarina Tome-Pires, Jikwan Lee, Zubaidah Jamil Osman, and Jordi Miro, ( Janaury 1, 2016), Mechanisms of Hypnosis, United States Health and Human Services Department, National Institute of Health, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, pp. 34-75
x. Luke O' Neil, (May 6, 2105), Can You Quit Smoking Through Hypnosis?, The Atlantic, theatlantic.com
xi. Supreme Court of California, People v. Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, Testimony of Emile Zola Berman, March 21, 1969, p. 6924 
xii. Susan Krauss Whitbourne, (July 7, 2012), The How-Tos of Hypnosis, Psychology Today, psychologytoday.com

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C.A.A. Savastano returns to the Past American Century

Join historian Mike Swanson and author Carmine Savastano to discuss new research and evidence that establishes significant problems with the claims associated with Richard Case Nagell and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

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Evidence and the Big Easy III

A View From the French Quarter’s Bourbon Street during the average Louisiana day in New Orleans Circa 1965

Upstanding citizens, thugs, killers, con artists, and vagrants populated the seediest areas of the Big Easy. Amid this patchwork of aspiration and desperation, a rumbling in New Orleans began surrounding Jim Garrison's investigation of President Kennedy's death. The New Orleans District Attorney faced several challenges because amid the corridors of power in United States several officials the Kennedy case was closed. Yet Garrison was committed to revealing a plot he believed might include several officials, Cuban exiles, and local figures. Unfortunately, some in the public attempted to malign and obstruct him but this remains overlooked to embrace their other assertions. Yet the legal value of a witness is equal to the consistency of their statements.

One attempt of officials to marginalize Garrison was gathering older press information to learn useful negative information using the Central Intelligence Agency's Domestic Contacts Service. A letter regarding the effort by Agency Legislative Counsel John S. Warner requested background information on Garrison and suggested, "it would be a good idea for the New Orleans officer to get in touch with Congressman F. Edward Herbert when the latter was in New Orleans. Warner said Herbert was friendly and well disposed toward the Agency and could be useful. Herbert and Garrison were friends. They went to the same school and Herbert would have considerable information on Garrison."i Officials were leery of alerting Herbert about their interest in Garrison and sought make it a "casual and spontaneous gab session." Clearly, officials were ready to curb Garrison's efforts by any means possible including clandestinely using his friends against him.

Yet Garrison did not just have to contend with a series of official interference and plots to prevent his inquiry, he faced those seeking to destroy his case from within. One such instance was private investigator Gordon Novel who claimed to be a former CIA agent that Garrison reportedly called "a major witness in the Kennedy assassination plot investigation." Unfortunately, Novel could prove none of the grand claims of insider knowledge or employment with the Central Intelligence Agency. However, Garrison subsequently tied Novel to a Louisiana armed forces bunker robbery with other later suspects in his investigation and eventually a warrant for Novel's arrest was issued during the spring of nineteen sixty-seven.

Electronics Expert Gordon Novel

Novel responded to Garrison's allegations with several of his own, he first called the Federal Bureau of Investigation to slander Garrison using the deceased former witness and suspect David Ferrie. Novel asserted he "believes District Attorney James Garrison is directly responsible for the death of David Ferrie." He told the FBI he and Garrison had previously discussed methods to "abduct Ferrie and that Garrison was very interested when Novel suggested the possibility of hitting Ferrie at the base of his skull with a rubber hammer for the purpose of abducting Ferrie". He added personally observing Garrison leave David Ferrie's apartment the morning Ferrie's corpse would be discovered and thus suggested the District Attorney was a murderer. Subsequently, Novel phoned the Times-Picayune newspaper to inform them "Mr. Garrison has finally fallen in the last trap" and then filed a fifty million dollar lawsuit targeting Garrison and his financial supporters.ii A CIA report additionally states Novel claimed on major radio stations that Garrison engaged in "occasional homosexuality", another seeming attempt to link the married Garrison to David Ferrie and damage his reputation.iii These claims similar to his prior statements have no evidence to support them, Ferrie's death would
not aid Garrison's case, and Novel's motivation was likely not offering reliable information but seeking
money, attention, and revenge.iv

Another figure later associated with the Garrison case in the role of possible suspect was Eugene Hale Brading aka Jim Braden.
He was a man with an extensive criminal record, alleged Mafia ties, sought to associate with the family of Nelson Bunker Hunt for alleged financial dealings, and was present in Dallas near the site of the assassination around the period it occurred. These facts inspired Garrison to suspect Brading and author Peter Noyes subsequently alleged Brading's connection with an unfolding conspiracy, yet additional evidence challenges such prior ideas because of a more extensive review conducted by the House Select Committee on Assassinations and other corroborating facts.

Eugene Hale Brading akA J. Braden

Brading informed officials of having no contact with Lee Harvey Oswald or Jack Ruby and despite his intention to meet with a member of the Hunt family; he was reportedly unable to locate them in a local office. Brading stated never observing Bunker Hunt and Oswald together, never discussing a plot to kill the President, and Brading had a legitimate reason to meet with Hunt to discuss the oil producing gas well property he owned in Louisiana that was developed with Roger Bauman and Morgan Brown of Dallas.

Following a polygraph and interrogation, officials interviewed Brading concerning his specific actions during November 22, 1963. He was reported to probation officer Roger Carroll at the Federal Building roughly twelve blocks from Dealey Plaza "at about noon time on both November 21 and 22, 1963" and this "business with Carroll took approximately 15 minutes."v vi Probation officer Roger Carroll believed that his meeting with Brading occurred "shortly before the assassination." This meeting and the later required travel to the Dal-Tex Building precludes significant time from the period some claim Brading undertook nefarious actions. Additionally, with just minutes left he would need to rush to the roof of the building, ready the weapon, prepare a firing position, and escape to the lower floors all while remaining unobserved.

Brading asserted he came into the Dal-Tex building to report the President's death in a phone call to his family but due to an elevator attendant's suspicions was reported to Dallas police and taken into custody. While some reasonably doubt his explanation for being present due to his criminal past, the running unseen assassin scenario is quite unlikely. Brading's location and publicly known activities in the aftermath of President Kennedy's death appear sinister but he was released a few hours later because no substantial evidence connected him to the crime. He does not have much time for any role in a plot and unless facts verify direct links to Brading complicity, no reason exists to assume his involvement.

A final strange figure related to the Garrison investigation is Richard Case Nagell, a former military intelligence officer that suffered mental and emotional damage from a plane crash. His life worsened as domestic and financial problems coupled with greater mental instability led him acts of outrageous and threatening behavior. Varying claims associated with him are reliant upon a single bank robbery in which some have asserted that Nagell had possible insider knowledge of the Kennedy plot and staged the robbery to protect him from danger. Later accounts offered a dramatic story of firing two shots in the bank then calmly walking outside to his car to await his eventual arrest. Conversely, Nagell did not mention any connection to the assassination until long after being jailed and previously refused to offer an explanation in court. Additionally, based upon evidence from the El Paso police he did not fire shots, walk to his car, and calmly await the police but tried to escape and surrendered a distance from the bank.

Asserted Witness Richard C. Nagell

Unknown to many was the presence of police officer J. Bundren assigned to guard the Treasury Department currency display in the west lobby and this might have been the among the targets attracting Nagell. Following the sound of shots in the east lobby, the officer rushed to the area where he learned Nagell had fled running out the side door. Eyewitnesses Hamilton Collins and Patsy Gordon observed Nagell flee the bank and John Grisom located outside watched Nagell run down the street toward his escape vehicle. The police officer "ran out the door of the bank chasing the subject to the corner of Oregon and Overland and then west on Overland" and Nagell's trail led to a local alleyway where he emerged in a vehicle but now faced the pursuing officer pointing a gun at him and stated "All-right, I give up."vii

After some questioning Nagell was taken into custody, his vehicle was impounded, and he seemingly later created mythical associations to the Kennedy assassination. Unfortunately, some would embrace his claims due to his military intelligence background, unstable mindset, and other schemes but this has proved to be a misleading distraction. During an altercation with the police, Nagell stated "You punk cop...If I ever get to the chance to 'hit' you I will" he made the threat shortly before the FBI interviewed him for violating federal laws.viii

Officials and unreliable claims that have consumed decades of attention still fuel aspersions upon Jim Garrison by his critics. Yet the actual circumstances of the matter challenge the nature of these claims and render some merely peripheral figures of interest that have delayed greater insights with pleasing illusions and lead us no closer to imperative knowledge. Allegations without substantial evidence do not allow us to perceive the true face of our veiled history and progress requires a path constructed with unyielding facts. Sincerely,
C. A. A. Savastano

References:
i. House Select Committee on Assassination, Segregated Central Intelligence Agency file, Microfilm Reel 24, Folder H, Photo surveillance, Garrison, May 10, 1967, National Archives and Records Administration Identification Number: 1994.04.12.12.14.44.280005
ii. HSCA, Seg. CIA file, Microfilm Reel 24, Folder I, Garrison Investigation, Garrison and the Kennedy Assassination, June 20, 1967, NARA ID: 1994.04.12.12.14.43.220005
iii. Miscellaneous CIA Series, File on Garrison, James, Garrison and the Kennedy Assassination: Gordon Dwane (sic) Novel, October 28, 1968, p. 7, NARA ID: 104-10304-10002
iv. HSCA, Seg. CIA file, Microfilm Reel 24, Folder H, Garrison Investigation, "Novel Asks Damages Which may total $50 Million", May 25, 1967, NARA: 1994.04.12.12.14.44.280005 
v. HSCA, Administration Folder N-2,  R#6330, AAG Michael M. Uhlmann's Correspondence to the SSC-I, Interview of Eugene Hale Brading, January 19, 1977, p. 5
vi. HSCA, Admin. Folder M6, Assassination Matters Volume XII, Letter to Roger Carroll from the Tattler, March 5, 1976, NARA ID: 124-10370-10012
vii. El Paso Police Department Supplementary Offense Report, Attempted Robbery of State National Bank, Ref: Richard Case Nagell, September 21, 1963  
viii. El Paso Police Department Supplementary Offense Report, Vagrancy-Armed Robbery, Ref: Richard Case Nagell, September 20, 1963

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Six new evidentiary files are offered on notable CIA figures including Ross Crozier, Henry Lopez, and Jacques Richardson. Additionally provided are two new summaries with photographs for Deputy IG Scott Breckenridge and Emilio A. Rodriguez.