Library of Congress's Blog, page 109

Welcome to our New Poet Laureate!

(The following is a repost from the blog “From the Catbird Seat: Poetry and Literature at the Library of Congress.”)

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Tracy K. Smith. Photo by Shawn Miller.

Today the Library of Congress announced the appointment of the 22nd Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry, Tracy K. Smith . Following is an interview that Poetry and Literature Center digital content manager Anne Holmes conducted with Smith via e-mail.

What was it like to get the call from the Librarian, asking you to be the next poet laureate?

I was genuinely stunned. As someone who has been so deeply inspired and instructed by the work of former poets laureate—from Robert Frost to Gwendolyn Brooks, and Elizabeth Bishop to Natasha Trethewey—it’s an honor and an affirmation I couldn’t have anticipated.

What about the laureateship most excites you?

I am excited about the kinds of social divides that poetry may be able not just to cross but to mend. One of my favorite things in the world is to sit and talk quietly about the things poems cause me to notice and remember, the feelings they teach me to recognize, the deep curiosity about other people’s lives that they foster. I am excited about carrying this conversation beyond literary festivals and university classrooms, and finding ways that poems might genuinely bring together people who imagine they have nothing to say to one another.

How does poetry inform the way you understand and navigate the world?

For me, reading and writing poetry really does foster and sustain an inner life. Reading and writing poems requires me to slow things down, to step outside of the constant forward churn of day-to-day life. It allows me to actually stop and listen to small details, quiet voices and fleeting thoughts, allowing them to take on greater weight, greater relevance. Poems invite me to care about places and lives separated from me by time, distance, and culture; they foster empathy, curiosity, humility; they assure me that my perspective and my certainties are matched by countless others, all richly complex, all worthy of consideration.

 

New Online: Mapping the U.S., Block by Block

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An 1867 map of Boston in the Sanborn Maps Collection shows a pickle factory, a junk shop, a sailors’ home, a sugar refinery and a floating dry dock among other structures.

Located midway between Tucson and Phoenix, Casa Grande, Arizona, now has a population of about 50,000, making it fairly small by today’s standards for cities. But it’s a lot bigger than it used to be. In 1898, only 200 people lived alongside the Southern Pacific railroad tracks there.

Besides scattered dwellings, Casa Grande had a hotel, lodging houses, stables, blacksmith and carpentry shops, stores operated by Chinese immigrants, a school and saloons. It also had several water tanks, but its water facilities were deemed poor—an important factor for a town that had been devastated by at least two disastrous fires.

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An 1898 Sanborn map of Casa Grande, Ariz.

We know all that thanks in part to one of the nearly 25,000 Sanborn fire-insurance maps the Library has digitized and placed on its website. The states currently available include Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Alaska is also online, with maps published through the early 1960s.

The maps were created to help insurers estimate the fire hazard associated with individual structures. Now they are used by genealogists, historians, urban planners, teachers or anyone with an interest in the evolution of a community, street or building.

The Library will add more maps to the website monthly until 2020. By then, about 500,000 public-domain maps from the Sanborn Map Collection will be available.

D.A. Sanborn, a surveyor from Somerville, Mass., founded the Sanborn National Insurance Diagram Bureau in 1867. It produced meticulously detailed, large-scale maps showing information such as street names and widths; the location and boundaries of dwellings, public buildings, churches and businesses; and the presence of fire hydrants and such hazards as blacksmith forges or large bakers’ ovens.

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Key for interpreting Sanborn maps

A color key on the lithographically produced maps makes it easy to identify the construction materials used in the buildings depicted. On the Casa Grande map, for example, brown tinting indicates adobe construction, yellow represents wood frame and blue means stone.

The earliest Sanborn holding in the Library’s collection is a map of Boston, actually an atlas, published in 1867. But the bulk of the collection dates from 1883, when Sanborn began to register maps for copyright protection regularly, depositing the required copies with the Library.

During its busiest period—production peaked in the early 1930s—Sanborn employed as many as 300 field surveyors and more than 400 other staff in its main office and publishing plant in Pelham, New York, and in secondary facilities in Chicago and San Francisco. By the time Sanborn published its last fire insurance map in 1977—when insurers stopped using maps for underwriting—12,000 towns and cities across the U.S. had been documented.

For the digitization project, the Library collaborated with Historical Information Gatherers, a firm specializing in historical property data. It supplied hardware and sent a team to work in the Geography and Map Division from April 2014 through May 2016. The team created a database of maps no longer under copyright protection, meaning they are available for public use. Team members then digitized the maps, which extend from the 1880s to the early 1960s. The firm is providing copies of the digitized maps to the Library.

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An 1885 Sanborn map of San Antonio, Tex., shows structures including a flour mill and a bottling works. The San Antonio River is a prominent feature.

The Library can post maps published before 1900 as soon as staff process them. For maps published later, the Library must wait three years after receiving digital files to post them.

“I’m very enthused by the job that’s been done. It’s been to both of our advantages,” says Colleen Cahill, digital-conversion coordinator in the Geography and Map Division. “There’s no way the Library could have done all this alone.”

Cahill is now processing digitized files eligible for posting on the website and adding metadata to make them searchable. “It’s very labor intensive,” she says. “But we’re making steady progress.”

Historic preservationist Paul Lusignan of the National Register of Historic Places, part of the National Park Service, says professionals in his field welcome digitization of the maps.

“The information you can derive from them—whether it’s block-by-block detail about the placement and use of historic buildings or information about building dates, heights, window patterns or construction—is incredibly valuable, especially to conservation or restoration projects,” he said. “It’s great they will be more easily accessible.”

Free to Use and Reuse: 19th-Century Portrait Photos

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Twin babies photographed by C.M. Bell

Military brass, senators, socialites and even babies—these are a handful of Washington, D.C., subjects photographed by Charles Milton Bell (1848–93) during the last quarter of the 19th century. The Library recently digitized more than 25,000 glass plate negatives produced by Bell and his successors between 1873 and the early years of the 20th century. The photographs document the capital city’s social and political history—and also its fashions and preoccupations.

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C.M. Bell

We’re highlighting a selection of the C.M. Bell photos this month under the “free to use and reuse” feature on the Library’s home page. Each month, the website showcases content from the Library’s collections that has no known copyright restrictions—meaning you can use the photos as you wish.

C.M. Bell was the youngest member of a family of Washington photographers. He opened his own studio on Pennsylvania Avenue in 1873, eventually becoming one of the city’s leading portrait photographers. He snapped Washington notables—including President Grover Cleveland and Mrs. Cleveland—as well as business people, embassy officials, church leaders, athletes and members of the black and white middle class.

Besides portraits, Bell also captured some street scenes and public events, such as openings of Congress, treaty signings and parades. When Native American delegations visited Washington for negotiations, he also photographed them.

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Mrs. Grover Cleveland

When Bell died in 1893, his wife, Annie E. Colley Bell, took over the day-to-day operation of the studio. Around 1900, the Bell family sold the business, but its new owners continued to operate under Bell’s name. The studio closed for good in 1909.

Another Washington photographer, I.M. Boyce, bought the studio’s negatives in 1916. He pulled many of the Native American images from the collection; the Bureau of American Ethnology ultimately purchased them in the 1950s. Alexander Graham Bell (no relation to C.M. Bell) bought the remainder of the negatives to pursue his interest in human heredity—he saw the collection as a great source for examining multiple generations of the same family. The negatives were eventually donated to the American Genetic Association, and the Library acquired them from the association in 1975.

Scroll down for more C.M. Bell images. And if you find an interesting way to use the photos, we’d love to know—post a comment describing your use. Enjoy!

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Waulicomo

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E.B. Williams and child

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Bessie Sheridan

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Mrs. M.F. Reese

Pic of the Week: Pride in the Library!

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Library of Congress staff members stand before panels of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt. Photo by Shawn Miller.

Panels from the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt are on display in “Pride in the Library,” a special pop-up exhibit open to the public from June 8 through 10. Shown here are current and former Library staff members who constructed the Library’s section of the quilt to honor Library colleagues who died of AIDS during the height of the epidemic. In addition to the quilt, the exhibit showcases items from the Library’s collections that feature LGBTQ+ creators and representations of LGBTQ+ life in America and around the world.

If you’re in Washington, come to the Jefferson Building of the Library today or tomorrow between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. to see the fantastic display for yourself! But even if you’re not, you can read more about the pop-up display and LGBTQ+ resources at the Library of Congress on our Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month 2017 online presentation, which includes a master list of what collection items are currently on display in the exhibit.

Gallery Talk: Immigrant Voices of the Veterans History Project

This is a guest post by Owen Rogers, liaison specialist for the Veterans History Project. Library of Congress specialists often give presentations about ongoing Library exhibitions. This post relates to a presentation Rogers prepared for the exhibition “Echoes of the Great War: American Experiences of World War I.”

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Wedding portrait of Blanche and Stephen Young

My great-grandfather, Stephen Basford Young, served in France with the 26th Infantry Division and celebrated his 18th birthday on November 11, 1918—the day World War I ended. Through stories passed down from my mother and aunts, I learned that our family line is—quite literally—a consequence of the Great War and its intersections. While visiting comrades gassed at the Battle of Belleau Wood, my great-grandfather met one of their sisters. Blanche would be my great-grandmother. Both of my great-grandparents were the children of French-Canadian immigrants to the United States.

During World War I, nearly one-third of American residents were immigrants or children of immigrants. International ancestry is a common theme in the Veterans History Project collections. Altogether, 5 percent of VHP World War I collections indicate foreign birth.

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Joseph Rosenblum

My great-grandfather, who spoke French and English, found fortune in the Signal Corps through a common language and ancestry with French soldiers, relaying coordinates from artillery forward observers. But Prussian-born veterans like Rudolph Neumann and Peter Shemonsky no doubt felt conflicted about their overseas service, a tension furthered intensified by nativist fears on the home front. Others like recent Romanian immigrant Joseph Rosenblum were drafted into the U.S. Army and fought for the same cause as their countrymen.

As a result of the Selective Service Act of May 18, 1917, by war’s end, nearly three-quarters of the entire U.S. Army were conscripted soldiers. Half a million were foreign-born. Although immigrants weren’t required to serve in the military, their eventual naturalization required registration for selective service. As further incentive, Congress amended naturalization laws for immigrants who served in the U.S. armed forces, waiving the five-year residence requirement for naturalized citizenship.

A photograph from the Library’s New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection suggests the effects of these incentives. In 1917, F.M. Stefano documented the arrival of an immigrant contingent from New Rochelle, New York, to the Camp Upton induction and training facility on Long Island. More than 30 different languages and dialects were spoken in this training camp alone! More than 120,000 veterans received citizenship as a consequence of their military service and began a tradition of military naturalization that continues to this day.

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Immigrants arrive Camp Upton on Long Island for induction into the U.S. Army. Photo by F.M. Stefano.

When Congress created the Veterans History Project in 2000, there were fewer than 4,000 living World War I veterans in the United States. By 2011, there were none. Although VHP is expanding its Great War narratives through posthumous manuscript and media submissions, we have fewer than a hundred WWI veterans’ oral histories—less than one-tenth of 1 percent of the entire archive.

Our stories inform our understanding of the past. VHP is an ongoing effort, and veterans’ voices are accessible only through the voluntary recording of oral histories and the submission of original manuscripts and media. To hear more veterans’ stories and learn how to add your family history to the Library’s permanent collections, visit our website.

World War I Centennial, 2017–18 . With the most comprehensive collection of multiformat World War I holdings in the nation, the Library of Congress is a unique resource for primary source materials, education plans, public programs and on-site visitor experiences about the Great War including exhibits, symposia and book talks.

Inquiring Minds: Diaries Shed New Light on Laos’ 20th-Century Upheavals

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Ryan Wolfson-Ford researches serials in the Asian Reading Room on May 11. Photo by Shawn Miller.

Ryan Wolfson-Ford spent two weeks at the Library of Congress in May thanks to the Library’s Florence Tan Moeson Fellowship Program. It supports scholars pursuing research in Asian studies using the collections in the Library’s Asian Division.

Wolfson-Ford is completing his doctoral degree in history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His research focuses on Laos from 1945 to 1975—the era of the Vietnam War—specifically on the rule of the Royal Lao Government during that time. Wolfson-Ford consulted original documents in the Manuscript Division, including the diaries of longtime Royal Lao prime minister Souvanna Phouma, as well as holdings in the Asian Division.

Wolfson-Ford took a break from his research in the Asian Reading Room on May 12 to answer a few questions for “Inquiring Minds.”

What exactly will your dissertation explore?

The period from 1945 to 1975 is the only time that Laos had a democracy. It involved a major cultural and social shift as well as a change in the political order. My main focus is on the Royal Lao Government’s elite. Other historical studies have dismissed it, but it was crucial to the formation of the first government following the declaration of independence on October 12, 1945. While the Royal Lao Government lasted only a few decades—it lost power in 1975 after waging a civil war that started in 1959 against communist forces—it laid the foundations for modern Laos.

Why did you apply to do research at the Library, and which collections did you use?

I wanted to come to the Library mainly to research the diaries of Souvanna Phouma. He is a central figure in the Royal Lao Government period, but no historian has ever studied his diaries. They’re a major unutilized source for modern Lao history. For the first week, I worked in the Manuscript Reading Room with the Phouma diaries. The second week, I spent most of my time working with Lao newspapers in the Asian Reading Room. Newspapers are a valuable ephemeral source that have only recently been used to study Lao history. The Moeson Fellowship allowed me to complete research that has totally reshaped my understanding of the wartime years in Laos.

What was your most surprising discovery?

I was surprised to find that Phouma, a champion of neutrality in the aftermath of the First Indochina War in the 1950s, had by 1964 sanctioned U.S. bombing campaigns in Laos against North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao communist forces. He was not just bowing to pressure, but was in fact advancing the military campaign for his own reasons. He viewed the Ho Chi Minh Trail—along which communists carried men and material through Laos to South Vietnam—as an invasion that had to be stopped by force after negotiations failed.

What do you see as the importance of your findings at the Library?

My most important insight is that the war in Laos against communists, which paralleled the Vietnam War, was not just forced on the Lao by the U.S., but was in fact a Lao conflict. Royal Lao Government leaders had their own reasons to go to war, primarily to defend their independence and sovereignty and to halt what they saw as a communist takeover of the country. They wanted above all to safeguard the democracy they had built since 1945. It is unfortunate the U.S. did not fully appreciate their goals, limiting the effectiveness of the Lao–U.S. alliance.

How was your experience working at the Library?

Everyone at the Library was pleasant and professional and made working at a complicated place seem easy and enjoyable. Jeffery Flannery of the Manuscript Division was especially helpful in ensuring I had access to the Phouma diaries. He does a wonderful job providing access while also preserving and protecting documents for future generations. Chandell Butler of the Asian Division was very knowledgeable and answered all my questions and concerns fully. And Hong Ta-Moore, also of the Asian Division, has a great enthusiasm that is contagious, ensuring that my time at the Library was positive and productive.

 

Inquiring Minds: Diaries Shed New Light on Lao’s 20th-Century Upheavals

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Ryan Wolfson-Ford researches serials in the Asian Reading Room on May 11. Photo by Shawn Miller.

Ryan Wolfson-Ford spent two weeks at the Library of Congress in May thanks to the Library’s Florence Tan Moeson Fellowship Program. It supports scholars pursuing research in Asian studies using the collections in the Library’s Asian Division.

Wolfson-Ford is completing his doctoral degree in history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His research focuses on Laos from 1945 to 1975—the era of the Vietnam War—specifically on the rule of the Royal Lao Government during that time. Wolfson-Ford consulted original documents in the Manuscript Division, including the diaries of longtime Royal Lao prime minister Souvanna Phouma, as well as holdings in the Asian Division.

Wolfson-Ford took a break from his research in the Asian Reading Room on May 12 to answer a few questions for “Inquiring Minds.”

What exactly will your dissertation explore?

The period from 1945 to 1975 is the only time that Laos had a democracy. It involved a major cultural and social shift as well as a change in the political order. My main focus is on the Royal Lao Government’s elite. Other historical studies have dismissed it, but it was crucial to the formation of the first government following the declaration of independence on October 12, 1945. While the Royal Lao Government lasted only a few decades—it lost power in 1975 after waging a civil war that started in 1959 against communist forces—it laid the foundations for modern Laos.

Why did you apply to do research at the Library, and which collections did you use?

I wanted to come to the Library mainly to research the diaries of Souvanna Phouma. He is a central figure in the Royal Lao Government period, but no historian has ever studied his diaries. They’re a major unutilized source for modern Lao history. For the first week, I worked in the Manuscript Reading Room with the Phouma diaries. The second week, I spent most of my time working with Lao newspapers in the Asian Reading Room. Newspapers are a valuable ephemeral source that have only recently been used to study Lao history. The Moeson Fellowship allowed me to complete research that has totally reshaped my understanding of the wartime years in Laos.

What was your most surprising discovery?

I was surprised to find that Phouma, a champion of neutrality in the aftermath of the First Indochina War in the 1950s, had by 1964 sanctioned U.S. bombing campaigns in Laos against North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao communist forces. He was not just bowing to pressure, but was in fact advancing the military campaign for his own reasons. He viewed the Ho Chi Minh Trail—along which communists carried men and material through Laos to South Vietnam—as an invasion that had to be stopped by force after negotiations failed.

What do you see as the importance of your findings at the Library?

My most important insight is that the war in Laos against communists, which paralleled the Vietnam War, was not just forced on the Lao by the U.S., but was in fact a Lao conflict. Royal Lao Government leaders had their own reasons to go to war, primarily to defend their independence and sovereignty and to halt what they saw as a communist takeover of the country. They wanted above all to safeguard the democracy they had built since 1945. It is unfortunate the U.S. did not fully appreciate their goals, limiting the effectiveness of the Lao–U.S. alliance.

How was your experience working at the Library?

Everyone at the Library was pleasant and professional and made working at a complicated place seem easy and enjoyable. Jeffery Flannery of the Manuscript Division was especially helpful in ensuring I had access to the Phouma diaries. He does a wonderful job providing access while also preserving and protecting documents for future generations. Chandell Butler of the Asian Division was very knowledgeable and answered all my questions and concerns fully. And Hong Ta-Moore, also of the Asian Division, has a great enthusiasm that is contagious, ensuring that my time at the Library was positive and productive.

 

New Book: “America and the Great War: A Library of Congress Illustrated History”

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Design by Elizabeth Van Itallie.

Between August 1914 and November 1918, World War I eradicated empires, ignited the Russian Revolution, reconfigured the world map and marked a turning point for the United States. A new book by Margaret E. Wagner, “America and the Great War: A Library of Congress Illustrated History,” published by Bloomsbury Press in association with the Library of Congress, commemorates the centennial of that decisive moment in American history. Chronicling the United States in neutrality and in conflict, it presents events and arguments, political and military battles, bitter tragedies and epic achievements that marked U.S. involvement in the first modern war.

Extensively illustrated with images and artifacts from the unparalleled Library of Congress collections—including the rich store of WWI material in the Library’s Veterans History Project—the book presents a unique and engaging look at the era that saw the United States emerge as a true world power while addressing questions that Americans are still struggling to answer today.

Filled with the voices of individuals both well-known and previously unsung, “America and the Great War” reveals the explosion of patriotic fervor as the country declared war; the near-miraculous expansion of its tiny army; its military engagements abroad and struggles against the suppression of civil liberties at home; the successful drives for woman suffrage and prohibition; and the largely unsuccessful struggles by African-Americans to secure at home the rights Americans were fighting for overseas.

In his introduction to “America and the Great War,” Pulitzer Prize-winning historian David M. Kennedy praises the book as “a uniquely colorful chronicle of this dramatic and convulsive chapter in American—and world—history.” Publisher’s Weekly commends Wagner for combining “an entertaining coffee-table format with an intellectually rewarding text.”

A senior writer-editor in the Library of Congress Publishing Office, Wagner is the author of “The Library of Congress Illustrated Timeline of the Civil War,” “The American Civil War: 365 Days,”  “World War II: 365 Days” and “Maxfield Parrish and the Illustrators of the Golden Age.” She is also the co-author of “The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference” and “The Library of Congress World War II Companion.”

“America and the Great War” complements an array of Library of Congress programming to commemorate the centennial of World War I, including lectures, symposia, digitized collections, war gardens, veterans’ stories, educational tools, film programs and research guides.

“America and the Great War” is 384 pages long and includes more than 250 illustrations in both color and black-and-white. It is available for $35.99 through the Library of Congress Shop. Credit-card orders are also taken at (888) 682-3557.

For those of you in the Washington, D.C., area, Wagner will speak about the book at the Library of Congress at noon on June 8. Part of the Books and Beyond series sponsored by the Library’s Center for the Book, the talk will be in the Mumford Room on the sixth floor of the Library’s James Madison Memorial Building, 101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, D.C.  The event is free and open to the public; no tickets are needed.

 

National Garden Week: How Does Your Garden Grow?

(The following is an article by Erin Allen from the May/June 2017 issue of LCM, the Library of Congress Magazine. Read the entire issue here .)

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A vegetable garden commemorating the victory gardens of World War I grows outside the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress. Photo by Shawn Miller.

April showers bring May flowers, but it’s the summer months that give green thumbs a chance to cultivate, nurture and experiment.

National Garden Clubs Inc. has proclaimed June 4–11, 2017, as National Garden Week. The Library of Congress is following the gardening trend, collaborating with the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) to plant a series of “victory gardens” in commemoration of the centennial of America’s entrance into World War I.

According to Robert Gimpel, a gardener with the AOC, “War gardens were the brainchild of Charles Lothrop Pack and his National War Garden Commission. During the war, a severe food crisis emerged in Europe, as farmworkers enlisted in the military and agricultural lands became battlefields. The National War Garden Commission was organized to increase the food supply for civilians through home gardening.”

The gardens are featured on the grounds of the Thomas Jefferson Building and highlight heirloom varieties of vegetables available during the war years. Today, cities across the United States are continuing this tradition with school and community garden programs.

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This 1919 poster by Maginel Wright Enright was created as part of the National War Garden Commission’s campaign to encourage Americans to raise more food on their own.

During WWI, Maginel Wright Enright, sister of Frank Lloyd Wright, designed a series of posters for the U.S. School Garden Army (part of the National War Garden Commission). This national campaign was launched in 1917 to increase the food supply. Secretary of the Interior Frederick Lane wrote of one of her posters, “I am sure a great many children will find their hearts stirred by the picture, and no older person can look at it without a thrill of loyalty and desire to do his part.”

If horticulturists are considered the ultimate gardeners and architectural landscaping the ultimate garden, the Library’s collections are very representative of both disciplines. Considered the father of landscape architecture, Frederick Law Olmsted is best remembered for his design of the U.S. Capitol grounds, and his career is documented in his personal papers, as well as those of his architectural firm, held in the Manuscript Division. The Science, Technology and Business Division also offers various reference guides on gardening and horticulture.

“Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art, and Forestry” was the first digital reformatting project done by the Preservation Reformatting Division. It was also the first serial digitized in its entirety by the Library. “Garden and Forest” was the first American journal devoted to horticulture, botany, landscape design and preservation, national and urban park development, scientific forestry, and the conservation of forest resources in the late 19th century.

Pic of the Week: Kids Celebrate Reading Milestone

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Led by Library of Congress staff member Teresa St. Angelo (center), elementary school students search for details in the ornamentation of the Library’s Great Hall. Photo by Shawn Miller.

Seventy-six students from Tyler Elementary School in Washington, D.C., visited the Library of Congress on May 31 to celebrate a big accomplishment: together, they read 1,436 books during the school year with mentors from the Library’s staff and the House of Representatives.

Mentors and students came together through the Power Lunch Program of Everybody Wins! DC. The nonprofit promotes children’s literacy by arranging for adult mentors to read with young students. The Library has worked with Tyler since the 2010–11 school year.

The May 31 celebration included a book talk in the Young Readers Center by children’s author Erica S. Perl, guided activities in the Great Hall and an awards luncheon.