The Secret Life of the Forest Quotes

“By the time a tree is full-grown, the underground root system is enormous; a mature oak tree, for example, has literally hundreds of miles of roots to tap the soil’s resources in an endless quest for water. Each drop is collected by the root hairs and passed along, from one cell to the next, up the trunk and to the leaves, and in such a way that none of the precious moisture and minerals collected by the roots leaks back into the soil.”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“We know a great deal more than the Greeks did about the forces of life. But with all our knowledge, no one fully comprehends the miraculous process, known as photosynthesis, by which trees and other green plants use energy from the sun to transform elements into food for themselves at the same time that they release oxygen into the atmosphere. Photosynthesis makes life on Earth possible, and it is the most important function performed by green plants of all kinds.”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“In their urge for survival, the seed-bearing trees hit upon countless different devices for carrying pollen from one flower to another, but essentially the methods fall into two main categories. The first is wind-pollination, which requires the presence of light, small, dry pollen grains, easily shaken from the stamens, or male flowers. To receive the tiny bits of pollen that are blown about by the wind, the stigmata of flowers must be long, or feathery, or sticky, or so constructed as to trap the fine dust. All conifers are pollinated this way, as are the poplar, ash, birch, oak, beech, and certain other species. But since this method is so haphazard, a disproportionately high percentage of pollen is wasted and these trees must produce immense quantities of pollen in order that even a tiny amount will be effective. Scientists have estimated that a single stamen of a beech tree, for example, may yield 2,000 grains, while the branch system of a vigorous young birch can produce 100 million grains a year. One pine or spruce cone alone releases between 1 and 2 million grains of pollen into the air: In Sweden, which is covered with spruce forests, an estimated 75,000 tons of pollen are blown from the trees each year.”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“food chain - the vitally important system by which matter from soil and air passes through plants and animals and back to soil and air. It is this system upon which all life depends.”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“The purpose was to insure that their regular pollinators - animals that would best serve the plant, not chance visitors that raided its pollen and nectar - would be most likely to revisit it. Flowers that are fertilized by bees, for instance, are hardly ever red since most bees have difficulty seeing this color. The motion of certain flowers in the wind apparently attracts some animal pollinators, while other flowers display patterns of color - dots or lines that converge at the entrance to the food supply to lead the insect to it.”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“The first forests about which anything is known were made up of the simplest kinds of plants, all of them spore-produced - horsetails, club mosses, and ferns. Relics of these primitive plants still survive today; everyone is familiar with the delicate, lacy ferns that are found in damp places in the woods, growing in the niches of rocks, spreading over the remains of fallen trees. But these plants are only miniature versions of their ancestors. During the Paleozoic era, between 280 and 425 million years ago, at about the time reptiles were evolving, ferns forty feet tall and club mosses five feet in diameter and 120 feet in height flourished in swampy lowlands between recurrent invasions of the sea. As these huge plants fell over into the water and slowly turned into peat, they retained their rich stores of solar energy, acquired through photosynthesis, which compacted first into lignite and then into coal by the growing weight of millions of years of deposits. Forest grew upon forest, and each in its turn was compressed into seams of coal beneath the surface of the ground. When we burn coal, we are using a fuel made from the sun’s energy and stored away in trees more than a quarter of a billion years ago.”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“The most important surviving relics of the primitive plants are mosses and ferns, which give us a clue to how ancient plants solved the problem of reproduction. They developed spores, or microscopic cells, which fell into the water, germinated, and formed male and female sex organisms that combined to create a new plant. Spores”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“A plant has been defined as a living thing that absorbs in microscopic amounts over its surface all that it needs for growth. Through”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“Photosynthesis, the activity that ultimately makes all life possible, permits plants to trap energy from the sun and store it in the form of glucose, or sugar, for their growth. To make one molecule of sugar requires six molecules of water and six of carbon dioxide, taken from the air. When these are combined with the energy from the sun’s light, glucose is formed - to be stored within the plant - and oxygen and carbon dioxide are released into the air. As”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest

“To understand how the first tree appeared on Earth, we must look back more than 3 billion years to Earth’s cooling off and changing from a molten sphere to one that had a solid crust. As it cooled, a thin layer of granite formed over the fiery interior; the hot inner mass contracted; ridges were thrust upward to form mountains; molten lava surged up through cracks, and boiling water rose to the surface. As hot springs that even now gush up out of the Earth show, this process is still going on; geysers and active volcanoes testify to the searing heat that prevails far inside the earth. Scientists believe the water in our oceans today was first released by volcanic action as a gas, which formed the primeval atmosphere. When this vapor reached extremely high altitudes, it condensed into water and fell Earthward. For a long time, however, because the atmospheric temperature was so hot, it resumed its gaseous form before reaching the planet, but eventually, the surface cooled enough so that water began accumulating in liquid form. And then, for literally millions and millions of years, it must have rained continuously, the water sweeping minerals down from the rocks and filling the depressions in the Earth’s face. For”
― Richard M. Ketchum, The Secret Life of the Forest