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Long range comparisons are also discussed suggesting possible explanations for the similarity of some words in Hungarian, Chaozhou, Ryulyuan, Hausa, Akkadian and Dyirbal. Hypothetical language families and the degree of certainty of their existence is mentioned. Language contact as a recurrent factor is discussed.

Lists of examples comparing languages to arrive at Indoeuropean. Nice hypothetical text in Indoeuropean by Schleicher

Ch.1 Development and Spread of Languages (Matthews):Introduces language diversity with 12 out of the top 20 most spoken languages being from Indoeuropean. It also discusses the distinction between language and dialect giving examples from the Dutch-German continuum and Chinese. Discusses the language names and families introducing Indoeuropean and the early attempts (S XIX) of reconstruction.

Introduction: (Comrie). Language as unique ability. It is discussed how the vocal tract evolved and language developed 40,000 years ago. From this, the chapter touches issues of language diversity and language maintenance and language revival.