Endri Shqerra > Endri's Quotes

“European Identity is a western European continental sense of belonging to a European community. It is post-national identity combined with national elements whose evolution requires a constitution to serve as a social contract which will make Europeans loyal to the constitution.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“Displaying the key elements of L1 and L2 acquisition, O’Neill, R. (1998) assesses that acquiring L2 as children acquire their L1 is a “wishful thinking and… based on a profound misconception about the nature of L2 learning - just as it is a misconception about how L1 acquisition occurs”. Hereinafter, O’Neill, R. (1998) maintains that “the best way to explore the differences between the two processes is to view them side-by-side – in parallel”.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“L2 Learners are (55%) affected by their target language and (35%) by their mother tongue. There are both the target language and Morphological Translation Equivalence that pair affixes of the two languages share with each other which enhance the Semantic Transparency of affixes”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“Eurobarometer 38 [1992, 45] reported that 23% of Europeans believed at the time that national identities would disappear and would be replaced by European identity, whereas 63% believed that the two identities are compatible and can co-exist.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“According to the study of Euroakademia [2012] “Europe cores the highest in the level of cosmopolitan identity… That is why it is so important to consider cosmopolitanism in the study of European supranational identities”.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“(Is) European Identity: The Newly European Demos?”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“Preschool age children successfully acquire their L2 productivity. Perhaps - in addition to their capability to unconsciously acquire their L1 linguistic rules - there is their effective acquisition of productive morphemes and productive word-formation rules and patterns of their L1 (i. e. morphemes and complex words most frequently used in everyday life) which grants them an early native-like look, even if they possess a small vocabulary (10,000 words) compared to adults.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“L2 learners do not naturally acquire L2 productivity. Perhaps - in addition to their incapability to unconsciously acquire their L2 linguistic rules - there is their arbitrary, or rather their nonnative-like acquisition of L2 productive morphemes and productive word-formation rules, which impede them from attaining an early native-like manifestation of their target language, even if they may possess a larger vocabulary compared to pre school age native children.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“In other words, there is native children’s’ sensitivity for their L1 productivity, and, L2 learners’ reliance on Orthographic & Phonological Overlap and Morphological Translation Equivalence, resulting in L2 learners’ divergence from the natural order of acquiring L2 productivity, which makes native children look native-like, and impedes intermediate L2 learners from attaining an early native-like manifestation of their target language.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“Pair prefixed words of the two languages share Morphological Translation Equivalence as well (e. g. unemployed, disoccupato). Likewise, roots forming pair compounds of the two languages may share Translation Equivalence. Besides, the same rule for the combination of roots may apply in the two languages (e. g. welcome, benvenuto). Such pair compounds of the two languages share Morphological Translation Equivalence as well.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“Alike preschool age Polish children, preschool age Albanian children are presumed to acquire mostly complex words formed according to productive word-formation rules and patterns (i. e., derived words) of their L1 during their preschool age. When enter school, their lexicon is presumed to be enriched mostly by complex words formed according to less productive word-formation rules and patterns (i. e., compound words) of their L1. Even, they are presumed to have acquired most of their L1 derivatives by the fifth grade.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“Do Albanian pupils outperform their English counterparts as regards the knowledge of their L1 derivational morphology? Early school age Albanian, French and English children demonstrate equal Knowledge of Lexical Semantic Relationship.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“Albanian and French pupils’ high awareness of their L1 derivatives grants them a high ‘memory of language’. Consequently, compared to their English counterparts, they are more aware of the ‘Constraints’ their L1 imposes over derivational rules”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“Comparing Patty’s results with those of Tyler & Nagy (1989), Lardiere, D. (2006) notes that Patty’s Knowledge of Syntactic Properties of English Suffixes (as demonstrated by Patty’s scores in the nonce-words test) is higher than that of eighth grade English children, while, on the other hand, her ability to choose the proper real-derived word which suits the given syntactic context (as demonstrated by Patty’s scores in the real-word items test), equalizes that of sixth grade English children.
Such results divulge hat there is a disparity between L1 and L2 acquisition of Syntactic Properties of Suffixes.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“Examining early acquisition of word-formation devices, we noticed that preschool age English children acquire mostly root words. Root words constitute 31% of the first grade English children’s vocabulary. Literal compounds constitute 25% of the first grade English children’s vocabulary, and derived words solely 16% (Anglin 1993, 69-72).
Imitating L1 acquisition we may uphold that pre intermediate L2 learners first have to acquire mostly root words during their early stages of L2 acquisition. It is well recognized among the scholars that knowledge of the root word and of affix/es facilitates acquisition of the derivative’s meaning in L2 acquisition.”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“When teaching vocabulary, teachers have to provide the counterparts that L2 complex words have in pupils’ L1. Presenting the counterparts that L2 complex words have in pupils’ L1 assists L2 learners in transferring the decomposition capability of L1 complex words to L2 complex words. Morphological Translation Equivalence that pair complex words share with each other assist L2 learners in transferring the information of the L1 complex word to its counterpart in pupils’ L2 (e. g., transitive verbs read, lees plus suffix –able/-baar resulting in adjectives readable leesbaar).”
― Endri Shqerra, Acquisition of Word Formation Devices in First & Second Languages: Morphological Cross-linguistic Influence

“It is the shared identity that democratic countries possess which reduces the likelihood of war between them.”
― Endri Shqerra

“Globalization is one of the most important theories which helps in the evolution of European identity by eroding national identities. There are the improvements in the information technology, in communication and transport which give people more possibilities to pass the boundaries of their nation, to get in touch with people of other nations and to learn about other cultures.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“The source of loyalty for European identity is ‘constitutional patriotism’. Its solidarity is founded on civic rights, rather than common origin and history”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“identities nowadays are dynamic and shift together with peoples’ loyalty and economic incentives. Such a shift has been facilitated by peoples’ multiple identities and loyalties. Thus, EU’s single market and political unity consequently influence the adaption of the European identity as a collective identity of the European political community. The role of new developments in information and transportation technology to this end is indispensable in making communication between cultures possible thereby eroding bases on which national identities were once constructed. Nationalism is declining, opening thus the way to European identity and even to a world cosmopolitan identity.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“As argued in Chapter 1 [14-18], the loyalty of these groups can shift along with their identification from the European Union to their national state and vice versa, depending on their interest. Hence, the citizens of these two groups can sometimes behave as supporters of the Constitution, whereas, if the EU Constitution was viewed as conflicting national interest, the voting behavior can differ.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“We suggest that the build-up in the European citizens’ awareness of the importance of an EU constitution is a result of European public spheres regenerated in the course of voting for the Constitutional Treaty, a process which turned some of the people who identified themselves only on national terms (37%) in favor of the constitution.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“Though a constitution was not yet reality at the time, we can say that there were these post-national elements like civic rights and duties which enabled for the first time the emergence of the Swiss identity and nation approximately five centuries after this community was first created in the 13th century.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“Considering that the European Constitution’s ratification failed in 2005 because, first, - it was in conflict with national interest in fear of immigrants taking work places from nationals, and, second, - European identity was weaker than national identities, we can anticipate that the chances for a European constitution to be eventually ratified are not lost. The establishment of the European constitution would require a better off Eastern Europe (an Eastern Europe with fewer emigrants) and a stronger European identity. These are exactly what the EU is doing nowadays in its right track. In addition to the Lisbon Treaty (2007), EU is working on strengthening the economy of eastern countries and at the same time, is funding programmes to enhance and promote the consolidation of European identity. To conclude, the chances for a European constitution are not lost, since there are better prospects in the future.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“On the other hand, the use of the term “PIGS” in this article demonstrates also the emergence of a new identity which transcends the boundaries of traditional nation-states, resulting in the erosion of national identities as the only or the dominant means of identification.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“European Identity is going to create its civil religion, which, alike nationalism, does imply the divinity of the flag, monuments, constitution, national heroes etc., but, rather than the superstition of the religion by nationalism, civil religion implies an equalization between religion and nation, as in the USA. Such equalization between religion and nation will create religious harmony in the same way it did in the USA, which is well known for its religious harmony.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“Smith [1991] admits that for Europe - whose nations had a common origin too - this was a new form of nationalism. Napoleon used common origin in the consolidation of the French nation. Nazis further deepened the argument on common origin by manipulating and transforming common origin into the superiority of the Aryan race which should also be kept clean. Doing so, they added a second doze to the consolidation of their national identity. Two forms of nationalism, which independently could arise national feelings and even equate the nation with the religion, would lead to stronger emotional appeal and to what Hayes (2016) calls a substitution of religion by nationalism.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“As we argued in chapter 3, the European identity can co-exist with national identities in the form of multiple identities without conflicting or replacing them. The European citizenship, too, is additional to and does not aim to replace national citizenships. By way of inference, we can argue that the European demos, represented by European identity, can co-exist with national demos.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“Delanty [2005, 2] maintains that European identity will stand above national identities of Europe as British identity stands beyond Irish, Wales, Scottish and English identities. Smith [1991, 170], on the other hand, maintains that European identity will not even resemble the British models. In spite of their different views, their common conclusion is that European identity will not replace or supersede national identities in the foreseeable future. Quoting Delanty and Smith, Rambour [2005, 3] argues that Delanty does not conceive Europe as a political community because he conceives national identities as strong. He [2005, 3] further calls Smith too as a strong supporter of nationalism who argues that European identity is not able to elicit the loyalty and mobilization that nationalism is able to do.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?

“The evolution of European identity is related with the establishment of the constitution. In this book I shall demonstrate the mutual relationship between European identity and the constitution. As it shall be argued, the existences of a Constitution, or similar institutions in the form of treaties, further the degree of consolidation of a European identity and of European integration. This view is hold and by ‘constitutional patriotism’ theory. Said differently, it is the consolidation degree of European identity which affects the success of constitutional ratification and, vice-versa, the failure of the constitution implies a low degree of consolidation of European identity.”
― Endri Shqerra, European Identity: The Death of National Era?