“At the same time that the critical importance of free choice was being demonstrated, researchers revealed the significance of other cognitions relating to the public or anonymous nature of the problematic behavior (Carlsmith, Collins, & Helmreich, 1966), the irrevocable or reversible nature of the act (Helmreich & Collins, 1968), and, above all, the role of cognitions concerning its consequences (Calder, Ross, & Insko, 1973; Cooper & Worchel, 1970). Like free choice, such cognitions seem to function as more or less necessary conditions for dissonance arousal.”