“Some AI proponents might argue that in order for an AI system to gain any 'actual' understanding, it would need to be programmed in a way that involves bottom-up procedures in a much more basic way than is usual for chess-playing computers. Accordingly, its 'understandings' would develop gradually by its building up a wealth of 'experience', rather than having specific top-down algorithmic rules built into it. Top-down rules that are simple enough for us to appreciate easily could not, by themselves, provide a computational basis for actual understanding-for we can use our very understandings of these rules to realize their fundamental limitations.”