“suppress empty strings in the output array when the separator is a regular expression: var f = '|a|b|c|'.split(/\|/); // f is ['a', 'b', 'c'] on some systems, and // f is ['', 'a', 'b', 'c', ''] on others string.substring(start, end ) The substring method is the same as the slice method except that it doesn’t handle the adjustment for negative parameters. There is no reason to use the substring method. Use slice instead. string.toLocaleLowerCase( ) The toLocaleLowerCase method produces a new string that is made by converting this string to lowercase using the rules for the locale. This is primarily for the benefit of Turkish because in that language `I’ converts to 1”