“In particular, students must be helped to understand such fundamental ideas as these: •  Some kinds of difficulties during learning help to make the learning stronger and better remembered. •  When learning is easy, it is often superficial and soon forgotten. •  Not all of our intellectual abilities are hardwired. In fact, when learning is effortful, it changes the brain, making new connections and increasing intellectual ability. •  You learn better when you wrestle with new problems before being shown the solution, rather than the other way around. •  To achieve excellence in any sphere, you must strive to surpass your current level of ability. •  Striving, by its nature, often results in setbacks, and setbacks are often what provide the essential information needed to adjust strategies to achieve mastery.”