“The problem with the intelligence test approach is that it entirely fails to detect such monumentally important discoveries. Instead it wastes precious effort measuring a property that will not come into play in any important way until eons in the future. As philosopher Marshall McLuhan said, “I don’t know who discovered water, but it wasn’t a fish.” Or in the words of the scientist Chuck Thacker, “You can’t build railroads before it is railroad time.” Neither should you administer intelligence tests to single-celled organisms if you want to evolve intelligence.”