“A key difference between Toyota and 3M is the scope of leeway for experiments. Toyota’s community of scientists works to perfect a system of production designed to remove unwanted variation and ensure perfect quality; the scope of experiments is limited for the most part to those that improve existing processes. At 3M, in contrast, scientists are invited to go wild, think outside the box, and imagine useful products that don’t yet even begin to exist. But in both systems, psychological safety plays a vital role.”