“Because failures consume time and resources, you’re smart to use both judiciously. Failures can also threaten reputations. One way to mitigate the reputational cost of failure is to experiment behind closed doors. If you’ve ever tried on a bold new style of clothing to see if it suits you, you probably did it behind the curtain of a store’s changing area. Similarly, most innovation departments and scientific labs are private, with scientists and product designers trying all sorts of crazy things without an audience.”