“Before the Civil War, books like Sharon Turner’s The History of the Anglo-Saxons and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s English Traits helped to define Englishness in contrast to Irishness, an ethnicity that was situated just above Black people, and sometimes considered partly Black, in the United States during the mid-nineteenth century. That designation in the racial order only changed when a new wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe arrived in the United States and took their place in the hierarchy.”