“After this research, it is difficult for us to imagine how the Presbyterian federalism would have been possible without the ecclesio-political context in which it was developed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. We believe this federalism is largely the result of the intersection between a good soteriology and a bad ecclesiology. In other words, the reformers had to reconcile the biblical gospel with a national church model inherited from the Christendom of the Middle Ages. Indeed, the paedobaptist covenant theology fit perfectly this incongruity. Intolerance, sometimes violent, toward those who rejected both the paedobaptist practice and doctrine indicates a great difficulty in questioning the foundation of Reformed theology.”