Ranging cattle and pigs wreaked havoc on an American environment that the Indians depended upon. In the Caribbean islands, Spanish pigs consumed the manioc tubers, sweet potatoes, guavas, and pineapples that the Taino Indians cultivated. In New England, the rooting swine thrived on the intertidal shellfish that the Indians gathered for their own subsistence. The pigs and cattle also invaded native crop fields to consume the precious maize, beans, and squash.
