We have encountered idealism already in Berkeley’s 18th-century thesis that appearance is reality, and in the Buddhist thesis that reality is consciousness-only. Idealism can also be found in the ancient Vedas of Hindu philosophy. It plays a central role in the Advaita Vedānta school, in which the ultimate reality is held to be Brahman, a sort of universal consciousness, and in which all individual minds and all matter are grounded in Brahman.
