Intelligent sims are impossible. One objection is that processes that produce intelligent behavior are uncomputable: that is, they can never be successfully simulated on a computer. This could be because the nonphysical mind affects behavior in uncomputable ways. It could also be because there are physical processes in the brain that can’t be simulated. For example, the mathematical physicist Roger Penrose has speculated that a quantum gravity theory (that is, a theory unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity) may involve processes with a nonalgorithmic element that is crucial to
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