the U.S. and Europe. The question, ultimately for regulators, was whether all this gave Amazon unfair advantages. Back in 2017, when Doug Herrington’s private-label expansion was in full swing, the data and internal tools almost certainly helped amplify the team’s efforts and meet their ambitious S-team goals. But much of the data they gleaned was also easily available to competitors, either by scraping the Amazon website or via research companies that collect data on consumer trends, like Nielsen. At least in consumables, many of the private-label products from that time—from Happy Belly
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