affirming that it would be wrong, as James Madison said at the Federal Convention, “to admit in the Constitution the idea that there could be property in men,” the framers left room for political efforts aimed at slavery’s restriction and, eventually, its destruction, even under a Constitution that safeguarded slavery. Those efforts, although sporadic through the early years of the nineteenth century, would eventually bring the advent of the Republican Party, the outbreak of the Civil War, and the completion of emancipation in 1865. I
