THE SINGLE MOST important factor explaining the rise of populism in the US and Western Europe is the changing class composition of center-left parties between the mid-twentieth century and the early twenty-first. What used to be parties of the native white working class and rural voters have become parties of upscale members of the native white managerial elite, allied with racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants. Following the 2018 midterm elections, forty-two of the wealthiest fifty congressional districts in the United States were represented by Democrats.3 Between 2010 and 2018, whites
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