Despite its emphasis on empiricism and logic, the Vienna Circle didn’t limit its concerns to science and philosophy—the unity of science extended to all human activity. “We witness the spirit of the scientific world-conception penetrating in growing measure the forms of personal and public life,” the manifesto boldly claimed, “in education, upbringing, architecture, and the shaping of economic and social life according to rational principles.” The Circle’s members forged connections with artistic and social movements that shared a similar ethos, like the Bauhaus school of architecture and
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