This model also completely ignores the multiple overlapping hormonal systems that signal hunger and satiety. That is, we may decide what to eat and when to eat it, but we cannot decide to feel less hungry. We cannot decide when to burn calories as body heat and when to store them as body fat. Hormones make these decisions. The results of the so-called “caloric reduction as primary” advice could hardly have been worse if we had tried. The storm of obesity and type 2 diabetes that began in the late 1970s has today, some forty years later, become a global category 5 hurricane threatening to
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