“My heart aches at the thought of the young ones,” Einstein wrote to Born in 1933. Einstein was soon involved with a British-led effort to help the academic victims of the Nazi regime, which met with some success. By the time Hitler invaded Poland and started World War II on September 1, 1939, more than a hundred physicists had emigrated from the European continent to the United States and the UK—some of the younger ones simply fleeing, refugees without the promise of a job in their new country, coming with a single small bag across the Channel or the Atlantic. Some came with nothing. Some
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