When industry is based upon the degenerative linear design of take-make-use-lose, there is only so much that price incentives can do to mitigate its depleting effects. The visionary landscape architect John Tillman Lyle clearly recognised the limits inherent in such design. ‘Eventually a one-way system destroys the landscapes on which it depends,’ he wrote in the 1990s. ‘The clock is always running and the flows always approaching the time when they can flow no more. In its essence, this is a degenerative system, devouring the sources of its own sustenance.’15 What’s needed in its place is a
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