revolutionaries.” In 2014, Russian state media described Russian special forces carrying out the invasion of Crimea and eastern Ukraine as “separatist patriots” fighting “fascists” and “Nazis” from Kyiv. An extraordinary disinformation campaign, complete with fake stories—that Ukrainian nationalists had crucified a baby, for example—and fake photographs followed, not only inside Russia but on Russian state-sponsored media around the world. Although far more sophisticated than anything Stalin could have devised in an era before electronic media, the spirit of that disinformation campaign was
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