These initial grassroots movements against violence emerged in the 1960s and were often related to other radical organizing toward transformations of power. As University of Florida professor Kim Emery reminds me, because of then contemporary social currents gesturing towards big picture structural critique, the movements were more focused on empowering women than on punishing men. Anti-poverty, anti-racist, and women’s liberation movements analyzed violence against women and children within the overlapping of those categories of oppression; patriarchy, poverty, and racism were often cited as
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