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recognize adequately the business expense entailed in arranging for the care of dependents of working people, and elimination of vestiges of an inferior status still reflected in discriminatory practices in places of public accommodation and housing and in criminal, property, and family law.
Our work is not done.. there is a lot left to do
the Internal Revenue Code is immune from constitutional attack.
🤔
The Tenth Circuit—Judge Holloway writing for the panel—found Mr. Moritz to have been denied the law’s equal protection, reversed the Tax Court, and allowed Mr. Moritz his $600 deduction.
Yayyyy
§214 of the Tax Code, differentiated solely on the basis of sex.
😒
And, I shall claim, thereby rendered a significant service to the nation.
Thank you marty
Her reply, delivered with a smile, paraphrased the A. A. Milne children’s poem about “James James Morrison Morrison Weatherby George Dupree,” who “took great care of his mother, though he was only three.” “All I know for sure,” she said, “is that he took great care of his mother, even when she was ninety-three.”
SOOO CUTE
women and the Supreme Court’s position, unwavering until 1971: legal distinction by sex (what Ginsburg often called “sex-role pigeonholing”) was rational and therefore constitutional. She characterized this as “the anything goes” standard of review; it authorized legislators to draw, as the Supreme Court summed up in 1948, a “sharp line between the sexes.”
legislative line-drawing based on sex should, like race classifications, be labeled “suspect,”
“sex, like race and national origin,3 is a visible and immutable biological characteristic that bears no necessary relation to ability.”
!!!!
former Secretary of Labor Hodgson observed in 1970 that discrimination against women in the labor market is “more subtle and more pervasive than against any other minority group.”
!!!!
Legislative judgments “protecting” women from full participation in economic, political, and social life have been labelled “benign” by persons who regard them as marking off for women a “separate but equal” role.
‼
Worse than being “discrete and insular,”13 which for other minority groups at least has the advantage of fostering political organizing, women are separated from each other and therefore remain far distant from the political potential appellees ascribe to them.
This is soo true we really are our own worst enemy
do not fit within stereotypical notions of what is proper for a female, women who do not want to be “protected” but do want to develop their individual potential without artificial constraints,
Right!!!
in the view of predominantly or all-male decision-making bodies, life should not be arranged this way.
PERIODDD
Professor Ginsburg would lose the battle for designating sex as a suspect classification but win the Frontiero case and, in the years that followed, the larger battle for women’s equality in the Supreme Court.
She lost this case but yea i guess 😔
women and men are persons of equal stature—I’d like them to see that is a basic principle of our society.” 1
Soo important
Some congressmen were sold on the bill by this argument: equal pay protects against male unemployment; without access to female labor at bargain prices, employers will prefer to hire men.8
Oh
We will enroll women in 1975 if the amendment is ratified, the superintendent said. If the amendment is not ratified, women will have to wait a long time before they can expect to enroll.13
Thats rude
Arizona law stipulates that the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer must be male.
K
“It is not a weakness but a strength of the amendment that it will force prompt consideration of changes that are long overdue.”
True!!
Since the passage of Title VII, they have come overwhelmingly from blue-collar working women to overcome what they regard as a system that protects them against higher-paying jobs and promotions.
Not from the employer
Legislation that includes women but exempts men . . . limits the woman worker’s scope of activity . . . by barring her from economic opportunity.
harmful assumption that labor for pay is primarily the prerogative of the male.
a person who works at home should do so because she, or he, wants to, not because of an unarticulated belief that there is no choice.
the Equal Rights Amendment does not force anyone happy as a housewife to relinquish that role. On the contrary, it enhances that role by making it plain that it was chosen, not thrust on her without regard to her preference.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The reason for higher standards for women was given by an Air Force colonel in a deposition taken in December 1972.29 He explained: “We have had and we continue to have roughly twice as many women apply[ing] as we are able to . . . take. . . . We don’t have an excess of men over what we can take.”
He sounds like a peach
amused at the focus on the “potty problem.”
Sadly, still an issue today.... pee in the potty you feel most comfortable peeing in i can assure you it does not affect me at all 😊
In any event, the clever solution devised by the airlines suggests one way out of the problem.
CAUSE THERES ONLY ONE BATHROOM 💀
The amendment will impel the comprehensive legislative revision that neither Congress nor the states have undertaken to date.
Necessary clean ups
looks toward a legal system in which each person will be judged on the basis of individual merit and not on the basis of an unalterable trait of birth that bears no necessary relationship to need or ability.
in the years since women have been admitted, VMI and its cadets seem to be doing fine, just as she expected they would.
state actors may not close entrance gates based on “fixed notions concerning the roles and abilities of males and females.”
A remedial decree must cure the constitutional violation—in this case, the categorical exclusion of women from an extraordinary educational/leadership-development opportunity afforded men.
Most of the world’s nations have rather new constitutions, written since 1970. Newer fundamental instruments of government generally contain a broad equality clause specifically proscribing discrimination on the basis of race, sex, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, religion, and other group characteristics.
Interesting. We need to catch up
Except for the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote in 1920, our Constitution contains no express provision regarding discrimination on the basis of gender.
Kinda sad
no equality prescription at all until after the Civil War.
governing authorities shall not deny to any person “the equal protection of the laws.”
(Women without husbands earning a good income, of course, never had that choice.)
what was there for them to complain about?
‘romantic paternalism’ which, in practical effect [often] put women, not on a pedestal, but in a cage.”
The consequence, a woman who owned a tavern and her bartending daughter were put out of business.
Anti capitalist
But they knew they had been shortchanged, they had the courage to complain, and they had faith in the capacity of the judicial system to vindicate their complaints.
what was once a widowed mother’s benefit became and remains a widowed parent’s benefit.)
Lasting changes
Judges do read the newspapers and are affected, not by the weather of the day, as distinguished constitutional law professor Paul Freund once said, but by the climate of the era.
generalizations about the way women and men are may have unhappy consequences for children as well.
Today, it would be hopeless, I believe, to endeavor to reserve flight training exclusively for men. That is one measure of what the 1970s litigation/legislation/public education efforts in the United States helped to achieve.
Ruth Ginsburg did not like to get up early, especially on the weekend,
Gurl same
Marty had everything, I mean everything, like, ‘Oh, would you like to see Ruth’s tax returns back to the year 1946?
everyone assumed tax lawyer Marty was responsible for the thorough and organized records, when in fact it had been Ruth who maintained all of the household financial records over the years.)
LOLLLL
But when the president walked in, he was dressed up in a suit and tie. Instead of playing golf, he had decided to go to church that morning and had donned his “Sunday best.” Ginsburg leaned over and whispered, “Bernie, what have you done to me?!”
OOOMMMMGGGGG LOL
