Conventional caloric theories of obesity assume that losing 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) is the same experience whether you’ve been overweight for one week or one decade. If you reduce the calories, the weight will be lost. But this is simply not true. Likewise, the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis makes no allowance for duration of obesity: reducing carbohydrates should cause weight loss, regardless of how long you’ve been overweight. But that’s not true either.