citizens without the vote. This made a conquered people sort of probationary Romans, entitled to the legal protection of citizenship, but unable (for example) to vote for the immediate execution of the general who had conquered them. If a community behaved itself – and almost all did – then the vote would come along in a generation or two. By that time the grandsons of the defeated were in the legions, enthusiastically expanding the Roman state yet further and forcibly recruiting yet more members of the Roman citizen body.
