Although many of the ideas we will present may seem radically new, they have been around, sub rosa, for a decade or more. We first identified the ExO paradigm as a weak signal in 2009, and noticed over a two-year period that several new organizations were following a specific model. In 2011, futurist Paul Saffo suggested to Salim that he write this book, and we have been seriously researching the ExO model for the last three years. To
