suppose you wanted to evaluate the proficiency of project managers based on their performance when assigned to various projects. If you have a large number of project managers, you probably have to have several judges, each assigned to a single project manager. The judges, in fact, might be the project managers’ immediate superiors (as others are not familiar with the project). The assigned projects, also, probably vary greatly in difficulty. But now suppose all project managers, regardless of their project or whom they reported to, had to compete for the same limited pool of promotions or
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