management by objectives. Top management formulates an overall direction and cascades down objectives and milestones to reach the desired outcome. To a certain degree, the leadership doesn’t care how the objectives will be met, as long as they are met. This attitude has prompted the birth of a host of now familiar management processes to define objectives (predict) and follow up (control): strategic planning, mid-term planning, yearly budgeting cycles, key performance indicators, and balanced scorecards, to name a few. In
