iii. “Definitional” asymmetries. Certain events are one-sided almost by definition. The outcomes relevant to the belief that “I can always tell when someone has had a facelift” is one example. Those that one detects lend support to the belief, but those that go undetected are simply that—undetected. They do not disconfirm the belief except in those rare instances in which an unsuspected person reveals that he or she has secretly undergone such surgery.
