There really are two classes of self-handicapping strategies, real and feigned. “Real” self-handicapping involves placing visible obstacles to success in one’s own path. The obstacles make one less likely to succeed, but they provide a ready excuse for failure. The student who neglects to study before an exam or the aspiring actor who drinks before an audition are good examples. Sometimes failure is all but guaranteed, but at least one will not be thought to be lacking in the relevant ability (or so it is hoped).
