used by Puritans to contrast with the supine policy of James I. Bethlen’s principality formed one of the two surviving Christian-held remnants of the old Kingdom of Hungary, carved out of the disaster of the Ottoman invasion a century before. Both parts had ‘East Germany’ problems in being viewed by the rival half as illegitimate and quisling. Royal Hungary was under Habsburg rule while Transylvania was a semi-independent Ottoman vassal state. The rest of Hungary was simply carved into Turkish eyalets with no special status. Bethlen Gábor’s Hungarians saw themselves as the final,
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