If you think about a normal decision process, it usually proceeds in four steps18: You encounter a choice. You analyze your options. You make a choice. Then you live with it. And what we’ve seen is that there is a villain that afflicts each of these stages: You encounter a choice. But narrow framing makes you miss options. You analyze your options. But the confirmation bias leads you to gather self-serving information. You make a choice. But short-term emotion will often tempt you to make the wrong one.
