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December 30, 2011 - May 25, 2012
The number twelve reflected the original twelve tribes of Israel.
English entrepreneurs built a colony at Jamestown in Virginia to look for riches in the New World,
Massachusetts. This group was looking for religious freedom that had been denied them in England.
two groups of British settlers as the source of an enduring tension in the American identity.
groundbreaking for its focus on middle-class life.
Pride and Prejudice recounts the romantic anxieties of a young woman, Elizabeth Bennet, and her four sisters.
Baroque art is usually described as theatrical, emotionally appealing, dynamic, and awe-inspiring.
Martin Luther and his followers had criticized the Roman church for excess pageantry and for propagating the veneration of images. Catholic authorities responded by defending the use of devotional images but decreed that artists should be forced to follow stricter guidelines and create pictures that related biblical events clearly, vividly, and realistically.
used to glorify the young republic,
eighteenth century, the baroque gradually gave way to the more ornate style of the rococo.
not the first person to propose that populations evolve over time, but he was the first to propose a theory for why it happened.
Darwin did not reveal his findings to the public for more than twenty years. He had serious qualms about the impact they might have on religion.
Haydn was the only composer whom the arrogant Mozart would recognize as his superior,
London Symphonies were composed on commission for J. P. Salomon, an impresario who was organizing a series of concerts
It is rumored that on Haydn’s departure for London, Mozart prophetically told him, “We shall never meet again.” Mozart died before Haydn returned.
Much of our knowledge of the world comes from experiencing it.
Knowledge that does not depend upon experience is called a priori
Philosophers disagree about whether we can have a priori knowledge of anything other than logic and the meanings of our words.
canonical Gospels recount that Mary Magdalene became a follower of Jesus when he exorcised seven demons from her.
Mary Magdalene was present at Jesus’s crucifixion and was the first witness to his resurrection.
Thirty Years’ War had started out as a religious dispute between Catholics and Protestants in Germany.
Prior to 1648, the rulers of Germany’s various regions reported to the Holy Roman Emperor.
treaty made it clear that individual German states, not the far-off emperor, were sovereign.
ancient Holy Roman Empire finally expired in 1806,
concept of national sovereignty ended religious bickering and helped stabilize Europe,
notion of sovereignty, they claim, has also given world leaders an excuse to ignore horrible human rights abuses in other countries.
national sovereignty remains central to international affairs today.
German Third Reich (Third Empire). By his reckoning, the first Reich was the Holy Roman Empire and the second was the short-lived monarchy headed by the Kaiser (king) from 1871 until 1918.
short novel Candide (1759) is the great satirical work of the Enlightenment, the intellectual and rational movement that swept Europe from roughly 1650 to 1800.
Candide skewers organized religion, the aristocracy,
After a prolific three decades of plays, novels, and essays, Voltaire penned the now-famous farce Candide.
merciless jibe at the philosophies of Voltaire’s contemporary Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
at the end of Voltaire’s novel, Candide has a revelation of sorts and rejects Pangloss’s teachings. He decides instead that the way to achieve fulfillment is to “cultivate one’s garden”—in other words, to engage in practical pursuits that create tangible benefit.
early years of his career, Rembrandt tried to work in the dramatic baroque style so popular at the time. He did not succeed in competing with other baroque masters, such as Peter Paul Rubens
portraiture, especially of multiple figures, however, Rembrandt enjoyed immediate success.
representation of emotion grew increasingly subtle and suggestive as he abandoned the theatricality of his early days.
numerous self-portraits—more
skilled printmaker.
Rembrandt had a large studio and many assistants who worked in his style, many works were erroneously attributed to him after his death.
The theory behind gravity is that every mass in the universe pulls on every other mass, and the strength of that pull is affected by distance.
why does every object in the universe pull on every other object?
Weight measures the force exerted on an object in a gravitational field.
Our bodies are designed to exist under the force of gravity from the earth. When astronauts experience weightlessness
They become spacesick.
story that Newton conceived of gravity after seeing an apple fall from a tree is not true.
Born in Salzburg, Austria, to Leopold Mozart, a low-level court composer and teacher, Mozart spent most of his childhood as a traveling prodigy, journeying to foreign courts and kingdoms
very irresponsible with their money.
He died, probably of rheumatic fever, after overworking himself and not eating properly, at the age of thirty-five.
Mozart’s sister Nannerl was a child prodigy pianist, but she was probably never able to develop her own talents because she was a girl.
major and lasting work in philosophy, theology, and mathematics, Leibniz made significant contributions to chemistry, physics, logic, medicine, botany, optics, history, linguistics, jurisprudence, philology, and diplomacy.
