intelligence could be traced over three epochs, each using memory and prediction. The first would be when species used DNA as the medium for memory. Individuals could not learn and adapt within their lifetimes. They could only pass on the DNA-based memory of the world to their offspring through their genes. The second epoch began when nature invented modifiable nervous systems that could quickly form memories. An individual could now learn about the structure of its world and adapt its behavior accordingly within its lifetime. But an individual still could not communicate this knowledge to its
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