Boniface went on to claim jurisdiction for the papacy throughout the world in a bull of 1302, Unam Sanctam (‘One Holy [Church]’). This was a culminating moment in the universal pretensions of the papacy, but the Pope’s aspirations were curtailed by his imprisonment and humiliation at the hands of King Philip the Fair of France. A French successor-pope then chose to live in the city of Avignon, a small papal enclave in southern France. There were many good reasons why Pope Clement V should choose Avignon in 1309: it saved him encountering the constant infighting in Rome, and since the papal
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