"Neighbor, How Stands the Union?": Live from Lafayette Square

Amid great fanfare, the statue of Andrew Jackson was dedicated in Lafayette Park on January 8, 1853, the thirty-eighth anniversary of the battle of New Orleans. An elaborate parade preceded the dedication. A distinguished group including General Winfield Scott, Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, and the mayor and city council of Washington marched to the entrance of the White House, where they were greeted by President Millard Fillmore and his cabinet. Through a crowd of more than twenty thousand, they marched across he street to Lafayette Park for the dedication. Senator Douglas gave an address on the military accomplishments of General Andrew Jackson and then introduced Clark Mills. Mills was so overcome with emotion that he could not speak and only pointed to the statue, which was then unveiled amid cheers and the salute of General Scott’s artillery.

The inscription on the west side of the marble pedestal reads “Jackson” and “Our Federal Union: It Must Be Preserved,” Jackson’s toast at a banquet celebrating Thomas Jefferson’s birthday on April 13, 1830. The phrase related to the nullification crisis...

Shortly after the dedication of the statue, the four Spanish cannons were placed at the corners. The pair on the north had been cast at the royal foundry in Barcelona in 1748 and were named for two Visigoth kings: El Witiza and El Egica. The two on the south were cast in 1773 and were named for two Greek gods: El Apolo and El Aristeo. The statue and cannons were enclosed by an iron fence soon after the dedication.

Note that this artist's lithograph from 1853 puts the inscription on the north side rather than on the west side, where it actually is...

I nevertheless find it interesting that in 1853 the political message of Jackson was not that of Jackson-the-Southerner or Jackson-the-Indian-Remover or Jackson-the-Plantation-Slaveholder or Jackson-the-Banker-Hater or Jackson-the-Eastern-Plutocrat-Loather, but rather of Jackson-the-Nationalist--supercharged by the implicit dig at the Masters of South Carolina that while they may think they simply have a temporary utilitarian arrangement of convenience with the rest of us, they are wrong: that we are all Americans, united (not associated or federated) in the United States of America...

Oration of the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, on the Inauguration of the Jackson Statue, at the City of Washington, January 8, 1853:

All nations have marked the period of their highest civilization and greatest development by monuments to their illustrious
men. The hero, the statesman, the benefactor of the age, thus
passes on to succeeding generations, and carries with him the
glories of his time and the memory of the people associated with
his achievements. Trajan, on his historic column, illustrated to
successive generations the brilliant achievements in the field and
wise acts in council, which imparted lustre and immortality to
his reign. Constantine, from his storied arch, for centuries has
proclaimed religious toleration to the humble Christian, and
proudly recounted the glorious deeds of his life and times. The
sculptured marble, above the urns that hold their sacred ashes,
delineates the animated scenes in which that fame was won, and
command the admiration, if not the homage, of the world. The
best of emperors, Marcus Aurelius, looks from his fiery steed on
the realm he exalted — a group in monumental bronze the noblest
in all antiquity. It yet survives the ruin of his country, in sub-
lime majesty perpetuating the glories of the man and the grati-
tude of the Roman people, amidst a degradation to which it now
imparts a hope of regeneration. The statue before you is the
work of a man exalted by his enthusiasm for the glorious deeds
and wise acts of a hero and statesman. It is the work of a
young, untaught American. I cannot call him an artist. He
never studied nor copied. He never saw an Equestrian Statue,
not even a model. It is the work of inborn genius, aroused to
energy by the triumphant spirit of liberty which throbs in the great heart of our continent — which creates the power of great
conceptions, the aspiration and the will, the mental faculty and
the manual skill, to eternize the actors who ennoble the country,
by giving their forms and expressions to imperishable materials.

Proudly may we compare to the Equestrian Statues of Europe
that noble Roman figure, which preserves the form and features
of our hero, and that colassal war-horse in bronze which will
bear him in glory through future ages ! I have seen delineations
of the Equestrian Statutes of Peter the Great, of Frederick the
Great, and of the Duke of Wellington, which are esteemed, I be-
lieve, the best specimens of that description of sculpture that
modern Europe has been able to contribute to her collection of
works of art. The horse of the great Czar is supported in its
rampant position by the aid of an unsightly contrivance. Between its legs a serpent, by a bend in the body, connects with
the tail of the steed, and is fastened to the pedestal. That of the
great Prussian monarch, which is designed to appear in motion,
has one fore foot and another behind fixed to the pedestal ; a third
is maintained in an elevated position by means of a prop, which
is introduced to give stability to the statue by sustaining the
weight, while but one is left free to give the semblance of life
and movement. The rearing steed of the Duke of Wellington,
like that of Peter the Great, maintains its rampant position by
the hind legs and tail being riveted to the massive pedestal
What a wonderful triumph has our untaught countryman achieved over those renowned trophies of European art in the hot and
fiery charger before you, leaping " so proudly as if he disdained
the ground," self-poised and self-sustained on the single point
whence he derives his motion ! No props, no serpents, no unnatural contrivances, are here. Nature, which has taught the impetuous steed to poise his weight and gather his strength to spring
into the air, has given the genius which fashioned this group the
power to impart grace and energy to the finely-balanced attitude,
which makes the weight, that others prop and hold up by rivets,
furnish to the work its strength and stability.

But the real power of the noblest monument consists in the
moral grandeur of the recollections it recalls. The exquisite
beauty of the statue of Nero, by its contrast with the monster it
brings to mind, makes the heart recoil as from the shining folds
of a polished serpent. How different the beholder in the presence of the august form before us ! The image of the resistless
hero, who drove the the last invader from our shores, turns back
our thoughts to the eager boy who shed his stripling blood in the
Revolution, and to the resolute sage who withstood the corruption and phrenzy of his times, and to the patriot statesman whose
life and deeds mark a most eventful era in our national history.

Let me glance at some of the events in his glorious career, and
close with a view of him in his retirement at the Hermitage.

In the year 1765 a small vessel arrived in the harbor of Charleston with a number of Irish emigrants on board, who had fled from
tyranny and persecution in the old world to find peace and freedom in the new. Among them was a family by the name of
Jackson, consisting of Andrew and his wife, and their two sons,
Hugh and Robert. They immediately proceeded to the upper
country, and selected for their new home a lonely spot in the valley of the Waxhaw. Two years after, Andrew Jackson, whose
illustrious deeds have filled the world with his renown, was born.
The father died a few months after the birth of the son, who was
to inherit his name and render it immortal. Nobly did the widowed mother perform her duty to those fatherless children. The
earlier years of our hero's boyhood were spent in the peaceful
abode of Waxhaw Academy. He was there when the Revolution burst upon the world. The war-cry, from the bloody fields
of Lexington, and Concord, and Bunker Hill, aroused the people
of all the colonies to a just sense of their wrongs, and inspired
them with the firm resolve to assert and vindicate their rights.
The disastrous campaign which succeeded the first brilliant
achievements — the heroic movements of Washington at Trenton — the sufferings of the army at Valley Forge — the glorious
victory at Saratoga — excited, in alternation, the fears and hopes
of the people, and roused their patriotism to the highest point.
When the tide of desolation rolled over the scattered settlements
of the Carolinas, the whole population, old and young, proved
themselves worthy of freedom by the spirit in which they met the
ruthless oppressor. Hugh, the elder brother of Andrew Jackson,
fell in his first battle at Stono. Robert became a martyr to liberty, and lost his life from wounds received while in captivity.
The mother descended to the grave, a victim to grief and suffer-
ing, in ceaseless efforts to rescue and save her sons. Andrew
was thus left alone in the world at a tender age, without father
or mother, brother or sister, friend or fortune, to assist him. All
was gone save the high qualities with which God had endowed
him, and the noble precepts which a pious and sainted mother
had infused into his young heart. He had already, at the age of
fourteen, become a soldier of the Revolution — had borne the
fatigues and privations of the march with his musket on his
shoulder — had displayed the coolness, intrepidity, and fortitude of
the veteran in his first engagements with the enemy— had endured the sufferings of a cruel captivity ; and, for his manly re-
fusal to perform menial services while a prisoner, he had received
a wound from the sword of a British officer, the scar of which he
carried with him to his grave.

The enemy repulsed, the young hero returned to his studies to
prepare himself for the practice of the law, which he had selected
as a profession.

In the meantime the noble work of political regeneration was
pressed forward — the union of the colonies confirmed by the Articles of Confederation — the independence of the American States
acknowledged by the powers of Europe — the laws and institutions of the several States revised and moulded in conformity
with the inalienable rights of man — the fundamental principles
of civil and religious liberty established in the State Constitutions — and, growing out of, and resting upon these, was the organization of the Federal Government under that wonderful instrument, the Constitution of the United States. America then
stood forth a power on earth, with the immortal Washington at
its head. At peace with the nations of the Old World — with a
wise foreign policy, admirably adapted to our condition and relative position — with a wide-spread and rapidly increasing commerce — what more natural than that the energies of the people
should be directed to the settlement and development of that vast
and fertile wilderness in the valley of the Mississippi, and that
the Father of his Country should exert all rightful authority for
their protection in so laudable an enterprise? The several States
claiming title to those expansive regions, animated by a patriotic
and self-sacrificing spirit, had voluntarily executed deeds of cession and relinquishment, in order to create a common fund in the
hands of the Federal Government, with which to discharge the
debts of the Revolution. The ordinance of 1787, establishing
Territorial Governments, and providing for the erection of not
less than three nor more than five States, had opened to immigration and settlement the country northwest of the river Ohio;
while the extension of the main provisions of that act to the
country south of that river had created a civil government for the
people of the Southwest Territory. The tide of immigration had
commenced rolling westward, and was rushing across the Alleghanies through every pass and gorge in the mountains. The
bold adventurer, rejoicing in danger and novelty — the unfortunate, who hoped to regain his lost position — the poor emigrant,
with his wife and children, all that he could claim as his own on
earth — -could be seen wending their way, by the Buffalo paths
and Indian trails, to what seemed to them a promised land. The
Carolinians had descended the French Broad, had stretched along
the Holston, and penetrated the valley of the Cumberland. These
early pioneers were a peculiar people — hardy, daring, impatient
of restraint, and simple in their habits of life. Imbued with an
exalted sentiment of personal liberty and a keen perception of in-
dividual rights, they were ever ready with their lives to repel
aggressions or redress wrongs. Beneath these qualities were
clearly descernible all the elements of political organization, of
social development, and of a pure, unadulterated religious reverence. Foremost among the people, giving tone to their counsels,
and taking the lead in all important movements, was Andrew
Jackson. If Indian ravages upon the scattered settlements were
to be arrested — if the savage perpetrators were to be punished —
if daring outlaws were to be brought to justice — if the lonely
immigrant in the wilderness was to be rescued from the tomahawk or starvation— Jackson always led the gallant band. Attorney General of the Territory, by the appointment of Washington — member of the Convention which laid the foundations of
the State Government — major-general of the militia intrusted
with the defence of the inhabitants against the tomahawk and
scalping knife — a member of the House of Representatives, and a
Senator in the Congress of the United States — Judge of the Supreme Court of his State — the genius of Jackson was everywhere
indelibly impressed on the character of the people and the laws
and institutions of his own beloved Tennessee.

Amicable relations being established with the Indian tribes, and
symmetry and consistency imparted to their political and social
organizations, the people of Tennessee naturally turned their attention to the development and enjoyment of all those advantages with which soil, climate, and Nature, in its luxuriance and
magnificence, had surrounded them. Now, Jackson felt himself
at liberty to gratify an inclination he had long cherished, of with-
drawing from the cares and toils of official positions, and retiring
to his farm, rejoicing in the society of his devoted and beloved
wife, and surrounded by all the comforts and enjoyments his
tastes could suggest or his heart desire. He carried into retirement, and displayed in the management of his farm, and his intercourse with his fellow-citizens, the same high qualities which
had stamped invincibiltiy upon his character and success upon
his movements. His hospitable mansion was a home to the
stranger and the pioneer — his name was upon every tongue and
his praises were heard wherever his influence was felt. Becoming a silent partner in a mercantile establishment, he soon discovered the misfortune of his associate, by which the firm was
reduced to bankruptcy. Instantly recognizing the moral obligation to discharge the last farthing of indebtedness, he disposed of
his lands, his stock, his home — all the proceeds of his toils — and
became the humble tenant of a rude log-cabin, in preference to
the humiliation of pecuniary vassalage.

Such a man can always rise above misfortune. By the force
of his character, and the judicious application of his vast mental
resources, he soon recovered from his pecuniary embarrassments,
and became a flourishing and even wealthy farmer. From his
retirement he viewed with indignation the long series of British
aggressions on the commerce and flag of his native country. He
was an ardent supporter of the principles of Jefferson and Madi-
son, and especially of all those measures calculated to maintain
the rights of his country and redress the wrongs of his country-
men on the high seas. Had he succeeded in his aspirations to
the command which was unfortunately assigned to Winchester,
who can doubt, at this day, that the series of disasters on the
northern frontier, which filled the country with humiliation, and
clothed so many families in mourning, would have been averted ?
The terrible massacre at the river Raisin, succeding the disgraceful
surrender of Detroit by Hull, encouraged Tecumseh and the Pro-
phet to almost superhuman efforts for the accomplishment of their
grand design of an alliance between the British and all the savage
tribes, from the Gulf of Mexico to the northern lakes, for the purpose of exterminating with the sword and the tomahawk
the white race in the Mississippi valley, and of restoring all that
vast and fertile region — the heart of the American continent —
to its aboriginal proprietors, and of consecrating it to perpetual
barbarism under the protection of the British Government. The
arrangements were already perfected so far as the northwestern
country was concerned. Immediately after the massacre, Tecumseh, who possessed genius equal to any conception, and a
force of character commensurate with the magnitude of his
plans, started south, in fulfilment of his mission, going from tribe
to tribe, electrifying them by the power of his eloquence, and
driving them to madness byhorible pictures of monstrous wrongs
perpetrated by the American people. The Creeks, the Chickasaws,
the Choctaws, and the Seminoles, were the principal tribes yet
to be added to this savage alliance. The British, through the
Spaniards in the Floridas, with whom they were also in alliance,
had prepared the minds of the southern tribes for the favorable
reception of Tecumseh. The mission proving successful, savage
war, with all its horrors and tortures, burst upon the defenceless
settlements like a thunderbolt. What tongue can describe or
pencil paint the revolting scene at Fort Mimms, or wherever
else the infuriated savage could find the objects of his vengeance ?
Neither age nor sex was spared. All were doomed to instant
destruction, or reserved for a slower process, by being subjected
to brutalities and barbarities worse than sudden death. Amid
the universal alarm and consternation all eyes were turned to
Jackson — every voice proclaimed him the chosen leader to arrest
the sweeping torrent of desolation.

Who can describe the wild and frightful scenes of that unparalleled Indian campaign — the heroism of the leader — the celerity
of his movements — the fatigues of the march — the privations of
the men — the impetuosity of the charge — every skirmish a victory ; every battle a triumph — the barbarian alliance dissolved —
the savage tribes dispersed and pursued in every direction, and,
finally, reduced to submission in the brief period of six months?

The importance of these decisive and overwhelming achievements can hardly be realized. The British allies of the confederated savages, in pursuance of the plan of campaign as agreed
upon with Tecumseh and the Prophet, were hovering around the
Gulf coast; arming and drilling the Indians in the Floridas; meditating a descent upon Fort Bowyer and Mobile, preparatory to
the concentration of the confederated forces upon New Orleans
and Louisiana. Concurrent events in Europe were favorable to
the success of the mighty scheme. The abdication of Napoleon
and his flight to Elba had restored the hereditary monarchs to
the thrones of their ancestors, and enabled Great Britain to withdraw her veteran troops from the continent, and hurl them upon
the defenceless shores of the Gulf of Mexico, in concert with
their savage allies. The destruction of the barbarian league by
Jackson, and the submission of the scattered tribes, had broken
the force of the impending blow, and opened the way for a trial
of strength, single-handed, between the soldiers of freedom and
veterans in the cause of oppression. At the critical moment, and
as if by the hand of an overruling Providence, Jackson was appointed major general in the army, and assigned to the command
of the Southern division. Time will not allow me to more than
glance at the most striking events in the campaign. The British
were occupying the Spanish forts at Pensacola, stimulating the
Indians to a renewal of hostilities, and preparing for a descent
upon Fort Bowyer and Mobile, and ultimately upon New Orleans,
as the chief point of attack. Jackson's remonstrances with the
Spanish Governor against harboring the enemy in what was professedly neutral territory being disregarded — his application to his
own Government for permission to vindicate the violated laws
of neutrality remaining unanswered — the absence of instructions
on points of vital importance at a time when inaction was ruin —
who does not remember with what resistless energy he threw
his protecting arm around Mobile, provided for Lawrence's heroic
defence of Fort Bowyer, planted his little army in front of Pensacola, and when his messenger was fired upon by the orders of
the Governor, stormed the batteries, entered the town, hauled
down the British flag, drove the enemy into the sea, and had
the Spanish Governor at his feet, imploring mercy and forgiveness for the past, and faithfully promising a religious observance
of the laws of neutrality in the future ? Who can describe the
rapidity of his movements for the defence of New Orleans — the
magic effect of his presence in suppressing treasonable purposes —
infusing confidence into the hearts of the desponding — his sleep-
less vigilance in watching the movements of the enemy within
and without his camp — and his capacity for creating elements of defence where none had been provided ? Who can forget his
glorious victories on the 23d of December and the 8th of January ? Who has not admired the self-sacrificing courage of the
hero, who, to save the city and prevent the dismemberment of
the Republic, assumed the awful responsibility of superseding,
the civil authorities in the hour of extreme danger, in order, immediately, afterwards to lend his patriot arm to the maintenance
of the supremacy of the law ? Who can paint the moral grandeur of the scene where the victorious soldier — the benefactor of
the nation and the saviour of the city — fresh from the theatre of
his glory, with his triumphant army around him, stands calmly
before the judge, whose dignity he had recently offended, in the
performance of an imperative duty, and meekly submits to an
ignominious sentence and a heavy pecuniary penalty ? Behold
him quieting the murmurs of the indignant multitude, and extending his protection to the trembling judge, and bidding him
proceed with his sentence. Follow him as he leaves the court,
receiving the homage, the thanks, the prayers of a grateful people, mingled with resentments and imprecations upon the judge!
Hear him, in tones of eloquence and power, enjoining upon them
strict obedience to the civil as the paramount authority, since the
necessity which caused its suspension had ceased to exist, and
his conduct requires no other vindication.

With the battle of the 8th of January the war is closed ; New
Orleans is saved; Louisiana remains a part of the American confederacy ; the idea of a barbarian empire is exploded ; the Mississippi valley is reserved for the abode of civilization and Christianity; the proposition of the British commissioners at Ghent,
that an unalterable boundary should be established for the Indians, from Cleveland, through the mouth of the Kentucky river,
to the Gulf of Mexico, is rendered impossible ; the British scheme
of erecting an impassible barrier to the growth and extension of
our great Republic is abandoned. These are some of the results
of Jackson's wonderful Indian and Southern campaigns, which
terminated with his glorious achievements at New Orleans. Had
the Indian war resulted adversely, the torch would have blazed
from the lake to the gulf— New Orleans must have inevitably fallen without a struggle, and the greater portion of the Mississippi
valley passed under the possession of the British barbarian league.
Twelve States and four organized Territories have since been erected out of the country which was thus to have been dedicated
to barbarism under British protection ! The tide of emigration,
carrying with it all the elements of political progress, social development, and industrial enterprise, continues to roll westward
until it mingles with the waves of the Pacific. With the return
of peace the business of the country revives, credit is restored,
energy and enterprise pervade every department of industry, and
the country leaps forth upon the swelling tide of prosperity in its
career of greatness.

Jackson was not permitted long to enjoy the social endearments
and quiet repose of the Hermitage* At the instigation of Spanish officials and Britsh emissaries, the tomahawk and scalping-knife of the Seminoles were again spreading desolation and carnage over our southern borders. Jackson was ordered to repair
to the scene of slaughter, with instructions to drive back and
chastise the savage invaders, and with authority, if necessary for
that purpose, to pursue them into the Floridas. You have not
forgotten with what terrible energy he hurled his forces upon the
enemy's headquarters at St. Marks — demolished their works —
seized and executed the British incendiaries who instigated the
massacres— pursued the fugitive savages — disregarded the pro-
tests and threats of the Spanish Governor — descended on Pensacola — pursued the terrified Governor, with the murderers under
his protection, to Fort Carlos, and planted the stars and stripes
upon its battlements. By the swiftness of his movements, the
power of his example, and the terror of his name, he reduced the
savage tribes, humbled the Spanish authorities, and expelled the
British emissaries.

He was thus enabled to terminate the war, provide security and
repose to our frontier settlements, and return the same year to the
shades of the Hermitage. This campaign laid the foundation for
the acquisition of the Floridas, and the dispersion of the innumerable hordes of bandits and pirates who infested the coast,
committing depredations upon our settlements and commerce, and
finding shelter in the bayous and everglades. Upon the ratification of the Florida treaty, Jackson was appointed by the President
commissioner to receive the ceded provinces, and Governor of the
new territory, endowed with all the civil and judicial as well as
military authority which the Spanish Governors had wielded.
Clothed with almost unlimited power, he exercised with a firm hand and unyielding nerve whatever authority was necessary for
the protection of society and the suppression of violence. Exhausted by duty and exposure, his physical system sunk under the
effects of the climate, and he was borne upon a litter through
the wilderness to his beloved home on the banks of the Cumberland.

He declined the mission to Mexico, tendered by President Monroe, and would gladly have remained in retirement, had not the
affection of Tennessee placed him in the Senate of the United
States, and the grateful voice of the people called him to preside
over the destinies of the Republic. Jackson came into the Presidency with his political principles well matured and immutably
fixed. The exalted sentiment of personal freedom and sacred regard for individual rights which he had conceived in the turbulent
times of the Revolution, and which had been so clearly discernible
in all the vicissitudes of his eventful career, it was now his mission to carry into the practical administration of the Government,
and impress upon the public policy of the country. Time will
not permit, even were the occasion appropriate, a detailed exposition of the leading measures and great acts of his brilliant administration. Nor, indeed, can it be necessary. The great and
striking events of that animated period remain fresh in the memory, and vivid before the mental vision. He met each question
as it arose with a directness and frankness in harmony with his
previous life. He seemed to solve the most intricate problem of
statesmanship by intuition. He perceived truth in its totality,
without the tedious process of analysis, and was able to see the
remotest consequences of an act while the wisest around him
could only perceive its immediate results.

The high qualities which, on a different theatre, had sustained
him in every emergency — enabled him to rise superior to all resist-
ance — never failed him in his civil administration. Calm, patient,
and even deferential in counsel, when his opinion was matured
and his resolution formed, he threw all the fiery energy of his
nature into its execution. The history of his civil career, like
that of his military campaigns, consists of a rapid succession of
terrific conflicts and brilliant achievements, in which he never
lost a battle or failed in a skirmish. His state papers will stand
forth, so long as the history of this Republic shall be read, as imperishable monuments to his statesmanship. While the present generation offers up the homage of grateful hearts for patriotic
services to the noble spirits who were engaged in those fiery conflicts, time must determine and history record the relative merits
of the respective systems of political policy.

At the expiration of General Jackson's second Presidential term
he retired forever from public life, and repaired to the shades of
the Hermitage. He continued to feel an abiding interest in public affairs without the least desire to re-enter the political arena.
He had the satisfaction of seeing the line of policy, in support of
which his mighty energies had been so long exerted, receive the
sanction of the nation. He had the consolation of knowing that
his official conduct had been approved by the constituted authorities of his country, in obedience to the voice of the people,
on every point in which it had been seriously called in question.
He felt that his work was done— his mission fulfilled. The re-
mainder of his days were spent in the society of his family, in im-
proving his farm, and dispensing a generous, unbounded hospi-
tality. In the social circle, and around the domestic hearth, he
was as simple as a child, remarkable for his amiability and his
capacity for making all happy around him. Much of his time
was occupied in conversations and meditations upon religious
subjects. He who never feared the face of man was not ashamed
to confess his fear of God and his faith in the Redeemer. In the
fullness of hope he serenely approached the end of his earthly
career, and died in the triumphant consciousness of immortality
beyond the grave. His death produced a profound impression
upon the hearts and minds of men. The voice of partisan strife
was hushed, while a continent was clad in mourning and bathed
in tears. All felt that a great man had fallen. Yet there was
consolation in the consciousness that the lustre of his name, the
fame of his great deeds, and the results of his patriotic services,
would be preserved through all time— a rich inheritance to the
devotees of freedom. He still lives in the bright pages of history, in the marks of his genius upon the institutions of his country, and by the impress of his character upon that of his countrymen. He lives in his own great example and by his heroic
achievements. He lives in the spirit of the age — the genius of
progress which is to ennoble and exalt humanity, and preserve
and perpetuate liberty.